Viral manipulation of cellular protein conjugation pathways: The SUMO lesson

Figure 3 Viral proteins exploit small ubiquitin-like modifier to promote immune escape from innate and intrinsic responses. Schematic representation of the strategies used by viral proteins to counteract host innate and intrinsic responses through small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Viral proteins are designated with their acronym. S stands for SUMO. The asterisk (*) indicates that the marked viral protein has not been formally shown to directly influence cellular antiviral activity by exploiting SUMOylation, but indications of a mechanistic link are known. See text for further details on exploitation of the SUMO machinery by single viral proteins. IFN: Interferon; IRF: IFN regulatory factor; PML-NBs: ProMyelocyticLeukemia nuclear bodies.