Unveiling the impact: COVID-19's influence on bacterial resistance in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Table 2 Percentage of multidrug-resistant among different bacterial isolates in the pre-pandemic, early, and post-peak-pandemic era

Organism	Resistance type	Pre-pandemic	Early pandemic	Post-peak pandemic	P value (pre-pandemic vs early pandemic)	P value (prepandemic vs post-peak pandemic)	P value (early pandemic vs post-peak pandemic)
Escherichia coli	ESBL	41.04	44.71	43.61	0.01a	0.01a	0.34
	CRE	1.01	2.51	1.67	< 0.0001a	0.01a	0.01a
Klebsiella pneumoniae	ESBL	42.92	43.98	40.20	0.50	0.07	0.01a
	CRE	13.82	29.58	15.14	< 0.0001a	0.21	< 0.0001a
Acinetobacter baumannii	MDR	79.09	87.86	79.40	< 0.0001a	0.89	< 0.0001a
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	MDR	12.89	13.85	8.96	0.47	0.001a	< 0.0001a
	CRE Pseudomonas aeruginosa	15.65	19.97	17.47	0.01a	0.19	0.10
Staphylococcus aureus	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	38.17	37.08	48.85	0.42	< 0.0001a	< 0.0001a
Enterococcus spp.	Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci	11.02	18.45	24.36	< 0.0001a	< 0.0001a	< 0.0001a

^aMeans significant P value.

CRE: Carbapenem-resistant; ESBL: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases; Early pandemic: Years 2020 and 2021; MDR: Multidrug-resistant; Post-pandemic: Years 2022 and 2023; Pre-pandemic: Years 2018 and 2019.