COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease – predictors of outcomes

Table 5 Studies evaluating outcomes and predictors in autoimmune hepatitis with coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Study	Patients	Results	Predictors of outcomes
Efe et al[47]	Multicentre retrospective study from 34 centres in Europe and the Americas	110 AIH patients	Acute liver injury: 37.1%	Predictor of severe COVID-19: cirrhosis (OR: 17.46); Immunosuppression not associated with severe COVID-19 (OR: 0.26)
Di Giorgio et al[46]	Phone based survey in tertiary centre	adult AIH patients: AIH (n = 97, 96%); PSC/AIH overlap (n = 2, 2%); PBC/AIH (n = 2, 2%); 4 patients had confirmed COVID	Severe COVID: 1; Death: 1	No difference in risk factors of mortality
Marjot et al[49]	Retrospective data from three international registries	70 AIH cases among 932 patients with CLD with COVID-19	No differences between AIH and non-AIH related CLD in Hospitalization (76% vs 85%); ICU admission (29% vs 23%); Death (23% vs 20%)	Factors predicting mortality in AIH: Age (OR: 2.16/10 yr); Child-Pugh class [B (OR: 42.48) and C (OR: 69.30)] cirrhosis
Efe et al[50]	Retrospective data from 15 countries	254 AIH patients	Hospitalization: 94 (37%); Death: 18 (7.1%)	Factors associated with COVID-19 severity: Systemic glucocorticoids (aOR: 4.73); Thiopurines (aOR: 4.78); Mycophenolate mofetil (aOR: 3.56); Tacrolimus (aOR: 4.09)

AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; COVID: Coronavirus disease; CLD: Chronic liver disease; ICU: Intensive care unit; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis.