Hepatic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 infection: Clinical and laboratory perspective

Table 2 Rates of hepatic complications in different clinically significant human coronavirus infectious diseases

Hepatic complications	SARS-CoV-2, %	SARS-CoV, %	MERS-CoV, %
Increase in ALT	13.3-28.0	52.5-8.07	11.0-56.3
Increase in AST	22.0-58.0	37.1-86.9	15.0-86.8
Increase in TB	10.5-18.0	30.0	NA
Decrease in serum albumin	36.8	40.4-72.0	NA
Co-morbidity with liver disease	HBV-positive patients were more prone to develop severe disease (32.9%) vs HBV-negative patients (15.3%)	HBV infection was not associated with worse clinical outcomes	NA

ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; MERS: Middle east respiratory syndrome; NA: Not applicable; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome; TB: Total bilirubin.