Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in COVID-19: Beyond glycemic control

Table 2 Randomized controlled trials assessing coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors therapy

Sl no	Ref.	Design, location	Comparators	Age (mean ± SD)	% male	Primary outcomes	Secondary outcomes	Results
1	Abuhasira et al[63]	Open-label, prospective, multi-centre trial, Germany	Linagliptin 5 mg + standard therapy (n = 32); Standard therapy (n = 32)	65.5 ± 16; 68.4 ± 11.5	65.6%; 53.1%	Time to clinical improvement	Proportion of patients with 2- point clinical improvement at 28 d, mortality at 28 d, length of hospitalization, ICU admissions, and MV	Time to clinical improvement (HR 1.22; 95%CI, 0.70-2.15; P = 0.49); In-hospital mortality; (OR 0.56; 95%CI, 0.16-1.93). No difference in secondary outcomes
2	Guardado-Mendoza et al[64]	Parallel double blind single centre trial, Mexico	LI group (n = 35) I group (n = 38)	57 ± 2; 60 ± 2	51%; 76%	Need for assisted MV and mortality	Glucose levels and insulin requirements, pulmonary parameters and clinical progression	Reduced risk of assisted MV; (HR 0.258, 95%CI 0.1-0.7, P = 0.009), improved blood glucose levels, lower insulin requirements in LI group

HR: Hazard risk, I: Insulin, LI: Linaglitin plus insulin, MV: Mechanical ventilation, OR: Odds ratio, RR: Relative risk, SD: Standard deviation.