Anatomophysiological relationships and clinical considerations of taste and smell loss in patients with COVID-19

Figure 3 Endocranial view of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves in a natural anatomical piece. I: Olfactory nerve; II: Optic nerve; III: Oculomotor nerve; IV: Trochlear nerve; V: Trigeminal nerve; VI: Abducens nerve; VII: Facial and intermediate nerve; VIII: Vestibulocochlear nerve; IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve; X: Vagus nerve; XI: Accessory nerve; XII: Hypoglossal nerve. Red arrow indicates the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; blue arrow indicates the olfactory bulb; purple arrow indicates the olfactory tract; yellow arrow indicates the beginning of the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum; green arrow indicates the sigmoid sinus; white star indicates the cranial dura mater.