Impact of COVID-19 on mental health and emotional well-being of older adults

Table 1 Studies exploring the impact of pandemic on mental health

Ref.	Title of the study	Type of study	Sample size and country	Outcomes
Klaiber et al[6], 2021	The Ups and Downs of Daily Life During COVID-19: Age Differences in Affect, Stress, and Positive Events	Short term longitudinal study	n = 776, Canada and the United States	Older adults showed better emotional well-being and less reactivity to COVID-related stressors
van Tilburg et al[7], 2020	Loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study among Dutch older adults	Longitudinal study	n = 1679, The Netherlands	Increased loneliness in older adults. However, mental health remained roughly stable
González-Sanguino et al[8], 2020	Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain	Cross-sectional study	n = 3480, Spain	Older age group was negatively related to depression, anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder
Czeisler et al[9], 2020	Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States June 24-30, 2020	Representative panel surveys	n = 5470, United States	Prevalence of mental health symptoms 15.1% in older adults and 74.9% in young adults
Czeisler et al[10], 2021	Follow-up Survey of US Adult Reports of Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic, September 2020	Representative panel surveys	n = 5285, United States	Mental health symptoms were less prevalent among older adults than in younger adults
Krendl and Perry[11], 2021	The Impact of Sheltering in Place During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults’ Social and Mental Well-Being	Longitudinal study	n = 93, United States	Older adults reported increased depressive symptoms over sheltering in-place period
Fujita et al[12], 2021	Mental Health Status of the Older Adults in Japan During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Longitudinal study	n = 519, Japan	Community-dwelling older adults had worsening of mood. Worse symptoms in adults 65-75 yr of age
Wong et al[13], 2020	Impact of COVID-19 on loneliness, mental health, and health service utilization: a prospective cohort study of older adults with multimorbidity in primary care	Longitudinal study	n = 583, Hong Kong	A pre-existing cohort of older adults reported significant worsening of loneliness, anxiety, and insomnia, after the onset of the pandemic
Parlapani et al[14], 2020	Intolerance of Uncertainty and Loneliness in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic	Cross-sectional study	n = 103, Greece	Moderate to severe depressive symptoms (81.6%) anxiety (84.5%), disrupted sleep (37.9%)
Cigiloglu et al[15], 2021	How have older adults reacted to coronavirus disease 2019?	Cross-sectional study	n = 104, Turkey	37.5% reported depressive symptoms and 29.8% reported anxiety; Worse symptoms in those with age ≥ 85 yr

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.