Heart failure in COVID-19 patients: Critical care experience

Table 3 Studies reporting outcomes in heart failure patients with coronavirus disease 2019, n (%)

No.	1	2	3	4	5
Ref.	Bhatt et alI[21]	Alvarez-Garcia et al[22]	Caraballo et al[23]	Tomasoni et al[24]	Andersson et al[25]
Country	United States	United States	United States	Italy	Denmark
Patient number	8383	422	206	90	90
Study type	Retrospective cohort, multicentre	Retrospective cohort, multicentre	Retrospective cohort, multicentre	Retrospective cohort, multicentre	Retrospective cohort. multicentre
Age, (mean±SD)	71.7 ± 13.2	72.5 ± 13.3	78 (IQR: 65-87)	73.0 ± 11.4
Male	4178 (49.8)	236 (55.9)	93 (45.1)	66 (73.3)
Risk factors	Obesity: 2461 (29.4), morbid obesity: 1425 (17.0), hypertension: 6997 (83.5), diabetes: 5107 (60.9), history of arrhythmia: 4548 (54.3), valvular disease: 1417 (16.9), kidney disease: 5020 (59.9), ESKD: 1689 (20.1), smoking: 3665 (43.7), pulmonary disease: 3539 (42.2), asthma: 628 (7.5), anemia: 628 (7.5), malignancy: 290 (3.5)	Obesity: 169 (40.0), hypertension: 382 (90.5), diabetes mellitus: 269 (63.7), dyslipidemia: 228 (54.0), CAD: 235 (55.7), stroke: 114 (27.0), atrial fibrillation: 160 (37.9), CKD: 177 (41.9), COPD: 94 (22.3), asthma: 58 (13.7), OSA: 57 (13.5)	Hypertension: 164 (79.6)COPD: 67 (32.5)CAD: 73 (35.4)Renal disease:7 9 (38.3)	Smoker: 42 (55.3), hypertension: 68 (75.6), dyslipidaemia: 56 (62.2), diabetes: 37 (41.1), atrial fibrillation: 42 (46.7), coronary artery disease: 55 (61.1), COPD: 22 (24.4), CKD: 49 (54.4)
LVEF (%), (mean ± SD)	-	-	-	42.1 ± 13.1	-
HFrEF	3318 (39.6)	128 (30.3)	36 (17.5)	64 (71)	-
HFmrEF	-	44 (10.4)	-	-	-
HFpEF	3486 (41.6)	250 (59.3)	-	26 (29)	-
RV dysfunction	-	-	-	16 (28.6)	-
Drugs prior to hospitalization	-	RAAS inhibitors: 260 (61.6), beta-blockers: 354 (83.9), MRA: 60 (14.2), loop diuretics: 318 (75.4), thiazides: 64 (15.2), antiplatelet: 327 (77.5), anticoagulant: 175 (41.5), statins: 351 (83.2)	ACEi/ARB: 58 (28.2), beta-blocker: 94 (45.6), CCB: 69 (33.5), SGLT2i: 1 (0.5), warfarin: 16 (7.8), NOAC: 47 (22.8), diuretic: 99 (48.1), statin: 117 (56.8)	ACEi/ARBs/ARNI: 42 (50.0), MRAs: 23 (34.8), beta-blockers: 69 (81.2), direct oral anticoagulants: 17 (20.5), warfarin: 18 (21.6), statins: 47 (56.0)	-
ICD/CRT	-	-	-	ICD: 20 (22.2), CRT: 8 (8.9) (both prior to hospitalization)	-
ICU	2431 (29)	98 (23.2)	-	-	-
Ventilation	-	96 (22.8)	-	-	-
NIV	-	-	-	28 (31.1)	-
IV	-	96 (22.8)	-	5 (5.6)	-
ECMO	3 (0.04)	-	-	-	-
ICU stay duration	-	5 (2-11)	-	-	-
Mortality	2026 (24.2)	169 (40.0)	41 (20)	37 (41.1)	33 (27)

- Signifies that the variable was not reported in the study.

ESKD: End stage kidney disease; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; RV: Right ventricle; RAAS: Renin angiotensin aldosterone system; MRA: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; ACEi: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: Calcium channel blocker; SGLT: Sodium-glucose linked transporter; NOAC: Novel oral anticoagulants; ARNI: Angiotensin receptor II blocker – neprilysin inhibitor; ICD: Implantable cardiovascular-defibrillator; CRT: Cardiac resynchronisation therapy; ICU: Intensive care unit; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; IV: Invasive ventilation; ECMO: Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation.