Heart failure in COVID-19 patients: Critical care experience

Table 2 Studies reporting outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 patients admitted to intensive care unit, n (%)

No.	1	2	3	4	5	6
Ref.	Zeng et al[16]	Petrilli et al[17]	Bhatla et al [5]	Hayek et al[18]	Iaccarino et al[19]	Arentz et al[20]
Country	China	United States	United States	United States	Italy	United States
Total number of patients in ICU	35	990	79	5019	395	21
Patients with chronic heart failure	NR	189 (19.1)	22 (28)	512 (10.20)	60 (15.2)	9 (42.9)
Newly diagnosed LV dysfunction/acute heart failure	5 (14)	-	-	166 (3.3)	-	7 (33.3)
Study type	Retrospective cohort, single centre	Prospective cohort, single centre	Retrospective cohort, single centre	Retrospective cohort, multicenter	Cross-sectional study, multicenter	Retrospective cohort, single centre
Age, (mean ± SD)	64.00 (59.50–68.00)	68 (58-78)	63 ± 16	60 ± 15, 63 ± 141	68.9±0.7	70 (43-92) range
Male	23 (66)	656 (66.3)	40 (51)	3165 (63.06)	291 (73.7)	11 (52)
Risk factors	Hypertension: 13 (37), coronary artery disease: 2 (6), arrhythmia: 2 (6), valvular disease:1 (3), diabetes: 10 (29), COPD: 1 (3)	Diabetes: 389 (39.3), asthma or COPD: 169 (17.1), chronic kidney disease: 259 (26.2), cancer: 138 (13.9)	Coronary heart disease: 21 (27), diabetes mellitus :35 (44), hypertension: 62 (78), atrial fibrillation history: 5 (6), obstructive sleep apnea: 23 (29), COPD: 14 (18), liver disease: 14 (18), chronic kidney disease: 16 (20), current tobacco: 4 (5)	Current or former tobacco use: 2174 (43.31), diabetes mellitus: 2110 (42.04), hypertension:3086 (61.48), coronary artery disease:676 (13.46), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 43 (0.85), chronic or end stage kidney disease: 819 (16.31), active malignancy:227 (4.52)	Hypertension: 256 (65.3), obesity: 49 (12.4), diabetes: 90 (22.8), COPD: 41 (10.4), CKD: 34 (8.6), coronary artery disease: 62 (15.7)	Asthma: 2 (9.1), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 7 (33.3), diabetes: 7 (33.3), obstructive sleep apnea: 6 (28.6), chronic kidney disease: 10 (47.6), end-stage kidney disease: 2 (9.5), history of solid organ transplant: 2 (9.5), cirrhosis: 1 (4.8), immunosuppression: 3 (14.3)
HFrEF,	5 (14)	-	-	-	-	-
HFpEF	0 (0)	-	-	-	-	-
Drugs	-	-	-	-	ACE-inhibitors: 97 (24.6), ARB: 66 (16.7), beta-blockers: 96 (24.3), ca-antagonists: 31 (7.8), diuretics: 58 (14.7), alpha-blockers: 7 (1.8)	-
ICD	-	-	5 (6)	-	-	-
Ventilation	35 (100)	647 (65.35)	-	-	-	19 (90.5)
NIV	17 (49)	-	-	-	-	4 (19)
IV	18 (51)	647 (65.35)	-	3663 (72.98)	-	15 (71)
ECMO	5 (15)	-	-	176 (3.51)	-	-
Vasopressor	NR	-	-	1617 (32.22)	-	14 (67)
ICU stay duration in days	38 (33–47)	36 (32-40)	-	17 (9-30), 6 (4-10)1	-	-
Organ dysfunction	NR	-	-	Acute kidney injury requiring RRT: 1003	-	AKI: 4 (19.1), ALI: 3 (14.3)
Morbidity	acute cardiac injury: 21 (60), atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia:3 (9)	86 (8.68) patients being ventilated and 74 (7.47) patients still admitted at the end of study period	-	Still in hospital 30 days after ICU admission: 169	-	Admitted in ICU at end of study: 8 (38.1)
Mortality	3 (9)	485 (49)	-	2043 (40.71)	-	11 (52.4)

¹Baseline characteristics of patients who did not have cardiac arrest and those who had cardiac arrest respectively.

- Signifies that the variable was not reported in the study.

ICU: Intensive care unit; LV: Left ventricle; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ICD: Implantable cardiovascular-defibrillator; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; IV: Invasive ventilation; ECMO: Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation; ECMO: Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; AKI: Acute kidney injury; ALI: Acute liver injury.