Heart failure in COVID-19 patients: Critical care experience

Table 1 Studies highlighting prevalence of heart failure, requirement of intensive care unit level of care and outcomes in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients, n (%)

No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Ref.	Inciardi et al[1]	Singer et al[2]	Zylla et al[3]	Russo et al[4]	Bhatla et al[5]	Peltzer et al[6]	Lala et al[7]	Shi et al[8]	Zhou et al[9]	Chen et al[10]	Jarrett et al[11]
Country	Italy	United States	Germany	Italy	United States	United States	United States	China	China	China	United States
Total number of patients	99	737	166	414	700	1053	2736	416	191	274	2634 (all patients died)
Patients with chronic heart failure	21 (21)	39 (5)	-	46 (11.1)	88 (13)	79 (7.5)	276 (10.1)	17 (4.1)	-	1 (< 1)	291 (11.1)
Newly diagnosed LV dysfunction	-	-	5 (3)	-	-	-	-	-	44 (23)	43/176 (24)	-
Study type	RC, single centre	RC, single centre	RC,multicenter	RC, multicenter	RC, single centre	RC, multicenter	RC, multicenter	RC, single centre	RC, multicenter	RC, single center	RC of in-patients who died of COVID-19 in a single center
Age (mean ± SD)	67 ± 12	60 ± 18	64.1 ± 16.7	66.9 ± 15.0	50 ± 18	62 ± 17	66.4 (median)	64 (range: 21-95)	56 (IQR: 46-67)	62 (IQR: 44-70)	Range: 21-107
Male	8 (81)	423 (57)	108 (65.1)	253 (61.1)	315 (45)	653 (62)	1630 (59.5)	205 (49.3)	119 (62)	171 (62)	1664 (63.2)
LVEF, % (mean ± SD)	48 ± 14	-	53.0 ± 12.3	-	-	HFrEF: 41 (3.8)	-	-	-	-	-
ICU admission	12 (12)	59 (8)	65 (39.2)	-	79 (11.28)	349 (33.14)	-	-	50 (26)	-	1299 (49.3)
NIV	18 (19.1)	40 (5)	39 (23.5)	-	-	-	-	32 (7.7)	26 (14)	102 (37)	-
IV	2 (2)	149 (20.2)	37 (22.3)	-	-	327 (31.05)	307 (11.2)	51 (12.3)	32 (17)	17 (6)	140 (53.2)
ECMO/ICD/CRT/PPM	-	-	PPM:3 (1.8), ICD:2 (1.2), ECMO:3 (1.8)	-	-	-	-	-	ECMO: 3 (2)	ECMO: 1 (<m1)	-
Vasopressor	-	-	30 (18.1)	-	-	323 (30.67)	-	-	-	-	-
Hospital LOS, d, (mean ± SD)	11.4 ± 6.5	4.7 ± 3.0	10.5 (IQR 5-22 d)[ICU stay: 8 (IQR 4-22.5)]	-	-	-	5.75 (IQR :3.36-9.56)	-	11 (7–14) [ICU stay: 8 (4–12)]	-	-
Complications	Venous thrombo-embolism: 12 (12), Arterial thrombo-embolism: 3 (3), septic shock/sepsis: 6 (6)	-	-	-	-	Bacteremia:100 (9.5), VTE: 54 (5.13), stroke/TIA:18 (1.71), AKI requiring RRT: 34 (3.23)	Hospitalized at time ofstudy publication: 1098 (40.1)	CRRT: 2 (0.5), ARDS: 97 (23.3), Coagulation disorders: 12 (2.9), hospitalized at end of study period:319 (76.7)	RRT: 10 (5), sepsis:112 (59), respiratory failure: 103 (54), ARDS: 59 (31), septic shock: 38 (20), coagulopathy: 37 (19), secondary infection:28 (15)	AKI: 29 (11), CRRT: 3 (1), sepsis: 179 (65), DIC: 21 (8), shock: 46 (17), ALI: 13 (5)	-
Mortality	26 (26)	68 (9)	26 (15.7)	107 (25.8)	30 (4)	184 (17.47)	506 (18.5)	57 (13.7)	54 (28.2)	113 (40)	2634 (100)

- Signifies that the variable was not reported in the study.

LV: Left ventricle; RC: Retrospective cohort; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; ICU: Intensive care unit; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; IV: Invasive ventilation; ECMO: Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation; ICD: Implantable cardiovascular-defibrillator; CRT: Cardiac resynchronisation therapy; PPM: Permanent pacemaker; LOS: Length of stay; IQR: Inter-quartile range; VTE: Venous thrombo-embolism; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALI: Acute liver injury; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation.