Proton pump inhibitors and adverse effects in kidney transplant recipients: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Country	Type	Total N	Race	Immuno-suppre-ssive regimen	CNI use (% Cyclos-porine)	PPI			No PPI			Quality Scale3
							N	Age	M/F	N	Age	M/F
Patel et al[32] 2012	United States	Retrospec-tive	561	NR	Tacroli-mus, MMF, Predni-sone	0%	155	52±131	NR	406	48±14	NR	3-2-2
Knorr et al[20] 2014	United States	Retrospec-tive	597	52% Black	rATG, MMF, Tacroli-mus, Predni-sone	<3%	213	55±12	122/91	384	55±13	210/174	4-2-3
van Boekel et al[22] 2014	The Netherlands	Retrospec-tive	202	98.5% Caucasi-an	Tacroli-mus, MMF. Predni-sone	0%	125	47.7±12.8	61.6%/38.4%	77	46.7±13.3	66.2%/43.8%	4-2-3
Van Ende et al[33] 2014	Belgium	Cross-sectional	512	98% Caucasi-an	Varies	47% (tacroli-mus 35 %)	101	53 ± 13	59%/41%	411	53 ± 13	59%/41%	4-2-3
Alhosaini et al[34] 2015	United States	Retrospec-tive	83	59% Caucasi-an, 19% Black	CNI (Tacroli-mus, Cyclospo-rine), MPA, Predni-sone	5/83 (6%)	43	54 ± 15.1	25/18	40	49.7 ± 16.4	24/16	4-2-3
Sezer et al[35] 2015	Turkey	Retrospec-tive	354	NR	NR	NR	164	38.6 ±1 0.7	NR	96	NR	38.6 ±1 0.7	3-2-2
Courson et al[21] 2016	United States	Retrospec-tive	286	51% Caucasi-an, 17% Black, 10% Asian	Tacroli-mus, MMF or MPS, early steroid withdra-wal	0%	171	56±13	118/53	115	54±13	88/27	4-2-3
Patel et al[23] 2017	United States	Retrospec-tive	522	24% Black	Tacroli-mus, reduced-dose MMF, predni-sone	11/522 (2%) convert-ed to cyclospo-rine	183	54 (44-63)2	102/81	339	53 (43-60)	219/120	4-2-3
Shabaka et al[36] 2017	Spain	Cross-sectional	938	NR	CNI-based regimen	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	3-2-2
Rouse et al[24] 2017	United States	Retrospec-tive	211	55% Caucasi-an, 30% Black	Tacroli-mus, MMF or MPS, Predni-sone	0%	35	55±10.7	25/10	176	63±14	124/52	4-2-3
Uludag et al[37] 2017	Turkey	Retrospec-tive	292	NR	NR	NR	223	36±10	129/104	69	33±11	42/27	3-2-2
Kipp et al[39] 2018	United States	Retrospec-tive	819	NR	NR	NR	404	NR	NR	415	NR	NR	3-1-2
Douwes et al[40] 2018	The Nether-lands	Cross-sectional	706	NR	NR	NR	NR	53 ± 13	57%/43%	NR	53 ± 13	57%/43%	3-1-2
Gomes-Neto et al[38] 2018	The Nether-lands	Cross-sectional	703	NR	NR	NR	NR	53 ± 13	57%/43%	NR	53 ± 13	57%/43%	3-1-2

¹Data expressed as mean ± SD;

²Data expressed as Median (Range);

³According to the NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) classification. NR: Not reported; CNI: Calcineurin inhibitor; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; MPS: Mycophenolate sodium; MPA: Mycophenolate; rATG: Rabbit antithymocyte globulin; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors.