Trends of characteristics and outcomes of donors and recipients of deceased donor liver transplantation in the United States: 1990 to 2013

Table 2 Recipient characteristics n (%)

Recipient characteristics	Total	5 yr periods				P-value1
		Period 1	Period 2	Period 3	Period 4
		1990-1994	1995-1999	2000-2004	2005-2009
Age, mean (SD)	51.3 (10.5)	48.2 (11.4)	49.8 (10.5)	51.5 (9.7)	53.5 (9.9)	< 0.001
Gender						< 0.001
Female	25073 (35.6)	4724 (43.6)	6272 (39.3)	6544 (33.2)	7533 (31.6)
Male	45304 (64.4)	6105 (56.4)	9698 (60.7)	13159 (66.8)	16342 (68.5)
BMI, mean (SD)	27.75 (5.6)	26.26 (5.3)	27.47 (5.6)	28.03 (5.6)	28.35 (5.6)	< 0.001
BMI						< 0.001
Underweight	1458 (2.1)	371 (3.4)	319 (2.0)	364 (1.9)	404 (1.7)
Normal	22533 (32.0)	4580 (42.3)	5395 (33.8)	5868 (29.8)	6690 (28.0)
Overweight	24550 (34.9)	3436 (31.7)	5494 (34.4)	7077 (35.9)	8543 (35.8)
Obese - Class I	13417 (19.1)	1488 (13.7)	2771 (17.4)	3991 (20.3)	5167 (21.6)
Obese - Class II	5583 (7.9)	527 (4.9)	1166 (7.3)	1623 (8.2)	2267 (9.5)
Obese - Class III	2084 (3.0)	203 (1.9)	452 (2.8)	629 (3.2)	800 (3.4)
Unknown	752 (1.1)	224 (2.1)	373 (2.3)	151 (0.8)	4 (0.0)
Ethnicity						< 0.001
White	53474 (76.0)	8839 (81.6)	12501 (78.3)	14844 (75.3)	17290 (72.4)
Black	5448 (7.7)	631 (5.8)	1097 (6.9)	1565 (7.9)	2155 (9.0)
Hispanic	7907 (11.2)	901 (8.3)	1655 (10.4)	2294 (11.6)	3057 (12.8)
Asian	2785 (4.0)	317 (2.9)	555 (3.5)	785 (4.0)	1128 (4.7)
Other	719 (1.0)	99 (0.9)	160 (1.0)	215 (1.1)	245 (1.0)
Unknown	44 (0.1)	42 (0.4)	2 (0.0)
Highest education level						0.2
Unknown	26282 (37.3)	9872 (91.2)	5735 (35.9)	5897 (29.9)	4778 (20.0)
Less than high school	2335 (3.3)	55 (0.5)	513 (3.2)	704 (3.6)	1063 (4.5)
High school (9-12) or GED	21249 (30.2)	438 (4.0)	4846 (30.3)	6835 (34.7)	9130 (38.2)
College less than graduate	17559 (25.0)	384 (3.6)	4183 (26.2)	5359 (27.2)	7633 (32.0)
Graduate	2952 (4.2)	80 (0.7)	693 (4.3)	908 (4.6)	1271 (5.3)
Causes of liver failure						< 0.001
Alcoholic cirrhosis	9857 (14.0)	2165 (20.0)	2366 (14.8)	2497 (12.7)	2829 (11.9)
Alcoholic cirrhosis with hepatitis C	4467 (6.4)	302 (2.8)	1373 (8.6)	1244 (6.3)	1548 (6.5)
Cirrhosis: Autoimmune	2486 (3.5)	568 (5.3)	696 (4.4)	629 (3.2)	593 (2.5)
Cirrhosis: Cryptogenic (Idiopathic)	5918 (8.4)	1397 (12.9)	1565 (9.8)	1515 (7.7)	1441 (6.0)
Cirrhosis: Fatty liver (NASH)	1442 (2.1)		9 (0.1)	173 (0.9)	1260 (5.3)
Cirrhosis: Hepatitis type B (HBSAG+)	2367 (3.4)	509 (4.7)	675 (4.2)	694 (3.5)	489 (2.1)
Cirrhosis: Hepatitis type C	17611 (25.0)	1849 (17.1)	4024 (25.2)	6058 (30.8)	5680 (23.8)
Other	13851 (19.7)	2344 (21.7)	3195 (20.0)	4196 (21.3)	4116 (17.2)
PLM: Hepatoma (HCC) and cirrhosis	4960 (7.1)	143 (1.3)	272 (1.7)	984 (5.0)	3561 (14.9)
PLM: Hepatoma - HCC	1954 (2.8)	173 (1.6)	141 (0.9)	423 (2.2)	1217 (5.1)
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)	3762 (5.4)	1122 (10.4)	1105 (6.9)	814 (4.1)	721 (3.0)
PSC: Ulcerative colitis	1702 (2.4)	257 (2.4)	549 (3.4)	476 (2.4)	420 (1.8)

¹Contrast between period 1 and 4. GED: General education development; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; PLM: Primary liver malignancy; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; (HBSAG+): Hepatitis B surface antigen-positive; SD: Standard deviation.