Utility of central venous pressure measurement in renal transplantation: Is it evidence based?

Table 2 Advantages and limitations of some commercially available (minimally invasive) cardiac output monitoring[19,20]

Modality	Examples	Advantages	Limitations
Pulse wave analysis	LiDCOrapid™ and FloTrac/Vigileo™	Requires only arterial line; Beat-by-beat CO monitoring (this may help to evaluate response to IV fluids). - Validated by clinical studies in different medical and surgical conditions	Presence of arterial line with optimum waveform signal is a prerequisite; Accuracy may be reduced by sever arrhythmia; Needs frequent recalibration during periods of hemodynamic Instability
Lithium dilution	LiDCOplus™	Simple technique (can use peripheral arterial line); Continuous CO monitoring	Arterial line required; Accuracy affected by some neuromuscular blocking drugs; Lithium chloride is contraindicated in patients undergoing treatment with lithium salts
Electrical bioimpedance	BioZ®	Completely non-invasive	Numerous mathematical assumptions; Limited validity in patients with dysrhythmias
Partial CO2 rebreathing	NICO™	Easy to set up	Requires intubation and mechanical ventilation with minimal gas exchange abnormalities and fixed ventilator settings; Accuracy decreased with haemodynamic instability
Pulsed dye densitometry	DDG-330®	Non-invasive	Intermittent assessment; Accuracy may be affected by vasoconstriction, movement of the sensor and interstitial oedema

CO: Cardiac output; OR: Operating room.