Cumulative positive fluid balance is a risk factor for acute kidney injury and requirement for renal replacement therapy after liver transplantation

Table 3 Comparison of baseline, intra-operative and postoperative features of patients submitted to liver transplantation according to the presence of acute kidney injury

	No AKI (n = 34)	AKI (n = 87)	P value
Age (yr)	51 ± 13	50 ± 12	0.643
Male sex	24 (71%)	82 (94%)	0.0001
Child-Pugh score at admission	8 ± 2	10 ± 2	0.840
MELD score at admission	17 ± 6	18 ± 6	0.868
APACHE II score 24 h after admission	14 ± 3	15 ± 4	0.142
Cold ischemia time (min)	537 ± 187	513 ± 164	0.267
Duration of surgery (min)	324 ± 131	336 ± 92	0.439
Use of blood products	59%	66%	0.490
Number of packed red blood cell units	1.0 ± 1.7	2.2 ± 3.4	0.010
Use of vasoactive drugs	6 (18%)	32 (37%)	0.032
Peak of arterial lactate in the first 24 h (mmol/L)	2.2 ± 1.4	2.4 ± 2.2	0.208
Peak AST levels (U/L)	1789 ± 1524	3535 ± 5511	0.022
Postoperative complications
Early allograft dysfunction	3 (4%)	24 (28%)	0.019
Biliary strictures and/or leaks	1 (3%)	4 (5%)	0.567
Arterial thrombosis or stenosis	2 (6%)	3 (3%)	0.433
Acute rejection	10 (29%)	22 (25%)	0.402
Sepsis or septic shock	8 (24%)	30 (34%)	0.305
Cumulative FB in the first 12 h	4780 ± 1673	5743 ± 2610	0.050
Cumulative FB in the first 4 d	8690 ± 3463	11841 ± 5395	0.050
Length of stay in ICU (d)	8 ± 8	13 ± 11	0.087
Length of stay in the hospital (d)	15 ± 7	20 ± 12	0.001
Mortality	1 (3%)	10 (12%)	0.128

Data are expressed as mean ± SD. AKI: Acute kidney injury; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System; FB: Fluid balance; ICU: Intensive care unit.