Cryptosporidium infection in solid organ transplantation

Table 1 Cases and case series of Cryptosporidiosis in solid organ transplant recipients

Ref.	No. of patients	Incidence	Median/mean (range/SD) age (yr)	Allograft	Immuno-suppression regimen	Symptoms	Acute renal failure	Abnormal LFTs
Abdo et al[15]	1	NA	40 (NA)	Kidney	TAC + AZA + S	Abdominal pain, D	No	Yes
Acikgoz et al[23]	1	NA	6	Kidney	TAC + MMF + S	N, V, D	Yes	No
Arslan et al[10]	43	7/43 (16.28%)	32.9 ± 12.2	Kidney (40)1 Liver (3)1	MMF, TAC, AZA, CsA, S	D	N/A	N/A
Bandin et al[8]	38	7/38 (18%)	8.93 (4.5-14)	Kidney	MMF + TAC + S (3)1 MMF + TAC (2)1 MMF + CsA + S (2)1	D (7)1, V (4)1, abdominal pain (7)1, hTN (4)1	Yes (7)	No
Bhadauria et al[3]	119	34/119 (28.5)	33.96 ± 11.13 (15-52)	Kidney	CsA + MMF + S TAC + MMF + S	D(12), F(11), malaise(25), V(18), abdominal pain (17), weight loss (9), dehydration (15), hypotension (8)	Yes (12)	N/A
Bonatti et al[5]	10	NA	51 (34-57)	Kidney (8)1 Liver (1)1 Lung (1)1	TAC + MMF + S (8)1 CsA + AZA + S (1)1 TAC + S (1)1	D (10)1, V (5)1, malaise (4)1, F (1)1	Yes	N/A
Campos et al[18]	3	NA	3.92 (1.25-7)	Liver	TAC + S (2)	V (1), D (3), F (1), abdominal pain (2)	No	Yes (2)
Chieffi et al[30]	23	17.2	N/A	Kidney	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Clifford et al[21]	3	3/28 (10.7)	N/A	Kidney	CsA + AZA + S	D(2)	No	No
Delis et al[16]	4	NA	20.21 (0.83-34)	Intestine	TAC + P(3)1 TAC + MMF + S (1)1	D (4)1, abdominal pain (1)1, F (1)1	Yes (4)1	N/A
Franco et al[100]	1	NA	60	Kidney	CsA + MMF + S	D, N, V, malaise, weight loss,	Yes	NA
Frei et al[6]	1	NA	34 (NA)	Liver	MMF	D	N/A	N/A
Gerber et al[17]	1160	4/1160 (0.34%)	NA	Liver (3)1 Intestine (1)1	CsA + S (1) TAC + S (3)	D (4)1, lethargy (1)1, weight loss (1)1	No	Yes (1)1
Hong et al[9]	1	NA	7 (NA)	Kidney	TAC + MMF + S	N, V, D	Yes	No
Krause et al[4]	6	NA	3.7 (1.1-6.6)	Kidney (4)1 Liver-Kidney (1)1 Heart (1)1	TAC + MMF + S TAC + AZA + S TAC + MMF	D (6)1, F (2)1, V (1)1, abdominal pain (1)1, weight loss (4)1	Yes (5/6)1	Yes (4/6)1
Ok et al[19]	69	13/69 (18.8%)	N/A	Kidney	N/A	Asymptomatic, D	N/A	N/A
Pozio et al[14]	1	NA	13 (NA)	Intestine	TAC + S	None (1st episode) D (2nd episode)	N/A	N/A
Rodríguez Ferrero et al[7]	1	NA	78	kidney	MMF + TAC	D, hTN	Yes	No
Tran et al[12]	1	NA	59	Kidney	TAC + sirolimus + S	N, V, D, abdominal pain	No	No
Udgiri et al[13]	60	NA	35.07 ( ± 9.22)	Kidney	CsA + AZA + S (47)1 CsA + MMF + S (13)1	D (2)1	N/A	No
Vajro et al[24]	2	NA	1.49; 10	Liver	CsA + S	F	No	No
Ziring et al[11]	33	2/33 (6.06%)	2.83 (0.83-48.75)	Intestine ± liver	TAC + MMF + S	N/A	N/A	N/A

¹Number of patients; NA: Not applicable; N/A: Not available; N: Nausea; V: Vomiting; D: Diarrhea; F: Fever; hTN: Hypotension; TAC: Tacrolimus; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; CsA: Cyclosporine A; AZA: Azathioprine; S: Steroids.