Implementation of an opioid-sparing protocol utilizing liposomal bupivacaine and intravenous ketorolac for pain management after living kidney donation

Table 4 Safety endpoints by study group (n = 52)

	Pre-protocol group (n = 26)	Post-protocol group (n = 26)
Admission serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.7, 0.9)	0.9 (0.8, 1.0)
Discharge serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	1.3 (1.2, 1.5)
Provider concern for AKI during admission (%)
No	22 (84.6)	26 (100.0)
Yes	4 (15.4)	0 (0.0)
Provider concern for GI bleeding (or any other major form of bleeding) (%)
No	24 (92.3)	26 (100.0)
Yes	2 (7.7)	0 (0.0)

Median (IQR) for continuous variables and frequency (%) for categorical variables. AKI: Acute kidney injury; GI: Gastrointestinal.