Effect of frailty as measured by functional impairment on long-term outcomes in liver transplantation in the United States

doi:10.5500/wjt.v15.i2.98228

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World Journal of Transplantation

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2220-3230

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Transplant. Jun 18, 2025; 15(2): 98228
Published online Jun 18, 2025. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v15.i2.98228

Table 1 Recipients’ baseline characteristics stratified by frail group, n (%)

Frailty status, recipients’ characteristics	Total (n = 37427)	Frail group (n = 30943)	Non-frail group (n = 6484)	P value
Age groups				< 0.001^a
18-34 years	957 (2.6)	850 (2.7)	107 (1.7)
35-49 years	7092 (18.9)	6075 (19.6)	1017 (15.7)
50-64 years	23529 (62.9)	19248 (62.2)	4281 (66.0)
> 64 years	5849 (15.6)	4770 (15.4)	1079 (16.6)
Gender				< 0.001^a
Male	25696 (68.7)	20700 (66.9)	4996 (77.1)
Female	11731 (31.3)	10243 (33.1)	1488 (22.9)
Race				< 0.001^a
White	26542 (70.9)	21993 (71.1)	4549 (70.2)
Black or African American	3267 (8.7)	2611 (8.4)	656 (10.1)
Hispanic Latino	5720 (15.3)	4942 (16.0)	778 (12.0)
Others	1898 (5.1)	1397 (4.5)	501 (7.7)
Body mass index (kg/m²), mean (SD)	29.1 (6.0)	29.1 (6.1)	29.0 (5.5)	0.429
Primary diagnosis				< 0.001^a
Viral	14003 (37.4)	10629 (34.4)	3374 (52.0)
Alcohol-associated	10940 (29.2)	9624 (31.1)	1316 (20.3)
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis	7132 (19.1)	6181 (20.0)	951 (14.7)
Other/mixed	5352 (14.3)	4509 (14.6)	843 (13.0)
Model for end-stage liver disease score, unit, mean (SD)	23.3 (10.0)	24.7 (9.8)	16.7 (7.6)	< 0.001^a
Ventilator				< 0.001^a
No	35831 (95.7)	29357 (94.9)	6474 (99.8)
Yes	1596 (4.3)	1586 (5.1)	10 (0.2)
Warm ischemic time, minute, mean (SD)	40.4 (20.1)	40.6 (20.6)	39.8 (18.4)	0.029^a
Death indicator after transplant				0.022^a
Death	7955 (21.3)	6508 (21.0)	1447 (22.3)
Non-death	29472 (78.7)	24435 (79.0)	5037 (77.7)
Functional status at transplant in Karnofsky Performance Score scale				-
Normal	6484 (17.3)	0 (0.0)	6484 (100.0)
Moderate	14957 (40.0)	14957 (48.3)	0 (0.0)
Severe	15986 (42.7)	15986 (51.7)	0 (0.0)

^aStatistically significant at a significance level of 0.05.

The body mass index (BMI) was summarized after removing 12 outliers (BMI > 100 kg/m²): (1) 11 in the frail group; and (2) 1 in the non-frail group. The variables ‘warm ischemic time’ contains more than 50% of missing values; its test statistics is summarized by excluding the missing values.

Citation: Balogh J, Mubashir T, Li Y, Digbeu BD, Hegde N, Pour FM, Rezapour M, Lai HY, West K, Chaudhry RA, Williams GW, Maroufy V. Effect of frailty as measured by functional impairment on long-term outcomes in liver transplantation in the United States. World J Transplant 2025; 15(2): 98228
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3230/full/v15/i2/98228.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5500/wjt.v15.i2.98228