Future of non-invasive graft evaluation: A systematic review of proteomics in kidney transplantation

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Year of publication	Biomarker name	Type of fluid	Method of quantification	No. of samples	Condition evaluated	Data availability
Buscher et al[35]	2023	HGF, IGFB, P6, CD40, CX3CL1, SPARCL1	Plasma	Mass cytometry, PEA	39	Allograft function and rejection status	Yes
Başak Oktay et al[20]	2022	CXCL10	Urine	LC-MS/MS, ELISA	18	Chronic allograft dysfunction	No
Jeon et al[26]	2022	RBP4	Urine	LC-MS/MS, ELISA	49	Evaluation of renal graft function	On request
Carreras-Planella et al[24]	2021	Vitronectin	Urine	LC-MS/MS, ELISA	59	Assessment of fibrosis in kidney graft	No
Navarrete et al[22]	2020	Proteinase 3	Urine	Serine hydrolase ABPP with Nano-RP LC–MS/MS	32	Subclinical rejection
Braun et al[36]	2020	PCK2	Urine	(Western blot, SDS-PAGE, IHC validation), nano-LC-MS/MS - both untargeted and targeted using PRM	22	Prediction of long-term graft outcome	Yes
Thorne et al[33]	2020	S-troponin and S-myoglobin	Plasma	LC-MS/MS, ELISA	225	Subclinical effects of remote ischemic reconditioning	On request
Bank et al[31]	2019	TIMP2	Urine	sandwich ELISA	83	Prediction of the occurrence and duration of functionally defined delayed graft function	Yes
Al-Nedawi et al[25]	2019	TFIID subunit 1, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, FN1 protein, Spectrin beta chain, Protein AMBP, Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2, Dynein heavy chain 3, axonemal, Insulin receptor substrate 1, Prothrombin, Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1, Melanotransferrin, Catalase, DIS3-like exonuclease 1, Kinetochore-associated protein 1, Keratin, type II cuticular Hb6, Neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK, Apolipoprotein E, Angiotensinogen, Vitamin D-binding protein, EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1, Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 3, DNA repair protein RAD50, Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase, Apolipoprotein A-II, Transthyretin, Hemoglobin subunit beta	Plasma	(SDS-PAGE), MS/MS	30	eGFR correlation and graft function evaluation	No
Mockler et al[29]	2018	CXCL10	Urine	LC-MS/MS (to measure creatinine), sandwich ELISA (to measure CXCL10 and CCL2)	59	Correlation with eGFR and long term renal graft outcome	No
Williams et al[32]	2017	C4BPA, alpha, guanylin, immunoglob- ulin superfamily member 8, and serum amyloid P- component.	Urine	TUPA (scheduled LC-MRM this is a type of MS), sandwich ELISA	52	Diagnosis of Delayed graft function	Yes
Hirt-Minkowski et al[27]	2016	CCL2, CXCL10	Urine	ELISA	185	Prediction of long-term renal graft outcome	Yes
Hirt-Minkowski et al[28]	2015	CXCL10	Urine	sandwich ELISA	154	Long-term renal allograft outcome evaluation	Yes
Ho et al[23]	2016	MMP7	Urine	LC-MS/MS, ELISA	17	Subclinical graft injury and inflammation	Yes
Sigdel et al[21]	2013	ACAN, CLEC14A, GLB1, LGALS9B, LMAN2, MRC2 SEL, CD27, DPEP1, and F2	Urine	iTRAQ labeling, LC-MS/MS, ELISA	142	Evaluation of chronic allograft injury	Yes
Welberry Smith et al[30]	2013	Aminoacylase-1	Serum	LC-MS/MS, sandwich ELISA	194	Prediction of long-term outcome in patients with delayed graft function	Yes
Schmidt et al[34]	2013	Chitinase-3-like protein 1	Urine	MS	78	Evaluation of delayed graft injury and prediction of long-term renal graft outcome	Yes

LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry; MRM: Targeted; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; CX3CL1: Fractalkine; IGFBP6: Insulin growth factor binding protein 6; CXCL10: C-X-C motif chemokine 10; SPARCL1: SPARC-like protein 1; RBP4: Retinol-binding protein 4; PCK2: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2; TIMP2: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2; TFIID: Transcription initiation factor; C4BPA: C4b-binding protein alpha chain; CCL2: Chemokine ligand 2 ; MMP7: Matrix Metalloproteinase-7.