Current status and future perspectives on stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury

Table 4 Summary of the studies included in the systematic literature review focusing on adipose tissue derived stem cells (i.e., ADMSC)

Ref.	Phase of clinical trial	Patients (n)	Localization of injury	Pre-treatment AIS classification or level of injury	Stem cells		Treatment			Follow up (months)	Outcomes
					Origin	Type	Dose	Administration route	Time from injury		Functional improvement	Adverse effects
Hur et al[26], 2016	I	14	Cervical (6), thoracic (7) and lumbar (1)	AIS A: 12, AIS B: 1, AIS D: 1	Autologous subcutaneous fat	ADMSC	9 × 107	Intrathecal	Intermediate and chronic (max 28 months)	8	Improvements in ASIA motor scores (5), voluntary anal contraction (2), ASIA sensory score (10), although degeneration was seen in 1. SSEP median nerve improvement (1)	No serious adverse effects. Transient headache, nausea and vomiting
Tien et al[64], 2019	N/A	31	Thoracic	AIS A, Barthel ADL: 3.35 ± 1.35	Autologous adipose tissue	ADMSC	> 1 × 108	Intrathecal	Acute	12	AIS A→B: 10, AIS A→C: 1, AIS A→D: 2; AIS =: 16 Barthel ADL: 6.48 ± 2.14	No serious adverse effects

Time from injury: Immediate: 0 - 2 h after the injury; acute: Early acute phase: 2 - 48 h; subacute: 2 d - 2 wk; intermediate: 2 wk - 6 months; chronic phase: > 6 months. ADL: Activities of Daily Living; ADMSC: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; AIS: American spinal injury association Impairment Scale.