Current status and future perspectives on stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury

Table 3 Summary of the studies included in the systematic literature review focusing on peripheral blood stem cells (i.e., HSC)

Ref.	Phase of clinical trial	Patients (n)	Localization of injury	Pre-treatment AIS classification or level of injury	Stem cells		Treatment			Follow up (months)	Outcomes
					Origin	Type	Dose	Administration route	Time from Injury		Functional improvement	Adverse effects
Deda et al[60], 2008	N/A	9	Cervical (6) and thoracic (3)	AIS A: 9	Autologous peripheral blood	HSC	5 × 106	Intrathecal	Chronic (6-51 months)	12	AIS A→B: 2, AIS A→C: 7	No serious adverse effects
Hammadi et al[61], 2012	N/A	277	Cervical (69) and thoracic (208)	N/A	Autologous peripheral blood	HSC	1-8 × 108	Intrathecal	Chronic (6-104 months, average 34.5)	24	AIS A→B: 88, AIS A→C: 32, AIS = 157. A subgroup (12 patients) with lesion < 12 months had the best outcome: the percentage improvement reached 50%	No serious adverse effects. Backache and meningism (90%)
Al-Zoubi et al[62], 2014	N/A	19	Thoracic	AIS A	Autologous peripheral blood	HSC	7.6 × 107	Intrathecal	Chronic (12-48 months)	60	AIS A→B: 7. AIS A→C: 2, AIS =: 10	No serious adverse effects
Bryukhovetskiy et al[63], 2015	I/II	202	Cervical (98), thoracic (93) and lumbar (11)	N/A	Autologous peripheral blood	HSC	5.8 × 106	Intrathecal	Chronic (> 12 months)	144	Restoration of neurologic deficit (54.7%); Repair of the urinary system (47.7%). ASIA score improvement in 23 cases	No serious adverse effects

Time from injury: Immediate: 0 - 2 h after the injury; acute: Early acute phase: 2 - 48 h; subacute: 2 d - 2 wk; intermediate: 2 wk - 6 months; chronic phase: > 6 months. AIS: American spinal injury association Impairment Scale; HSC: Hematopoietic stem cells.