Perioperative risk factors associated with delayed graft function following deceased donor kidney transplantation: A retrospective, single center study

Table 2 Intraoperative characteristics for recipients with and without delayed graft function

	All patients	DGF	No DGF	P value
	n = 294	n = 79	n = 215
Surgery time, h	2.7 (2.0-3.9)	2.5 (1.8-4.4)	2.8 (2.2-3.9)	0.03a
Warm ischemia time, min	29 (24-36)	27 (23-34)	29 (24-36)	0.08
Fluid and electrolytes
Crystalloid, L	2.0 (1.5-2.5)	2.0 (1.5-2.2)	2.0 (1.5-2.5)	0.97
Plasmalyte/Isolyte, n (%)	94 (32)	23 (29)	71 (33)	0.82
Normal saline, n (%)	161 (55)	45 (57)	116 (54)
Combined, n (%)	39 (13)	11 (14)	28 (13)
Weight based crystalloid (mL/kg)	24 (19-32)	22 (18-31)	25 (19-33)	0.11
Albumin, grams	25 (12.5-50)	25 (25-50)	25 (12.5-50)	0.66
Packed red blood cells, n (%)				0.46
None	224 (76)	60 (76)	164 (76)
1 unit	39 (13)	11 (14)	28 (13)
2 units	25 (9)	8 (10)	17 (8)
3+ units	6 (2)	0 (0)	6 (3)
Fresh frozen plasma, n (%)				0.38
None	287 (98)	79 (100)	208 (97)
1 unit	2 (1)	0 (0)	2 (1)
2+ units	5 (2)	0 (0)	5 (2)
Platelets, n (%)				0.58
None	290 (99)	79 (100)	211 (98)
1 unit	4 (1)	0 (0)	4 (2)
Estimated blood loss, mL	100 (95-200)	150 (100-300)	100 (50-200)	0.01a
NaHCO3, mEq	50 (50-112.5)	50 (50-100)	50 (50-150)	0.76
CaCl2, n (%)	210 71)	59 (75)	151 (70)	0.56
CaCl2, g	1 (0.75-1.5)	1 (0.75-1.25)	1 (0.75-1.5)	0.65
Furosemide infusion, n (%)	192 (65)	44 (56)	148 (69)	0.04a
NaHCO3, n (%)	54 (18)	11 (14)	43 (20)	0.31
Urine output, mL	75 (15-200)	28 (5-80)	100 (20-250)	< 0.0001a
Hemodynamics and inotropes
MAP at baseline, mmHg	109 (96-122)	107 (95-118)	112 (96-123)	0.08
Baseline MAP < 110 mmHg, n (%)	159 (54)	51 (65)	108 (50)	0.02a
MAP 5 min post-reperfusion, mmHg	90 (81-100)	91 (79-97)	90 (82-100)	0.45
5 min post-reperfusion MAP < 100 mmHg, n (%)	220 (75)	61 (77)	159 (74)	0.61
Drop in MAP ≥ 30 mmHg from baseline -5 min post-reperfusion, n (%)	74 (25)	18 (24)	56 (26)	0.55
MAP 30 min post-reperfusion, mmHg	91 (82-100)	92 (82-101)	91 (83-99)	0.85
30 min post-reperfusion MAP < 100 mmHg, n (%)	218 (74)	54 (68)	164 (77)	0.15
Drop in MAP ≥ 30 mmHg from baseline -30 min post-reperfusion, n (%)	70 (24)	13 (16)	57 (27)	0.07
MAP 1st post-operative, mmHg	104 (95-113)	102 (92-110)	105 (96-113)	0.09
1st post-operative MAP < 100 mmHg, n (%)	117 (40)	35 (44)	82 (38)	0.34
Drop in MAP ≥ 30 mmHg from baseline -1st post-operative, n (%)	27 (9)	7 (9)	20 (9)	0.9
Dopamine, n (%)	5 (2)	2 (3)	3 (1)	0.61
Ephedrine, n (%)	74 (25)	25 (32)	49 (23)	0.12
Ephedrine dose, mg	10 (5-20)	10 (5-20)	10 (5-18)	0.62
Phenylephrine, n (%)	64 (22)	25 (32)	39 (18)	0.01a
Phenylephrine dose, mcg	200 (100-400)	200 (125-400)	200 (100-400)	0.64
Phenylephrine timing:
None, n (%)	230 (78)	54 (68)	176 (82)	0.06
Before reperfusion, n (%)	39 (14)	14 (18)	25 (12)
After reperfusion, n (%)	10 (3)	4 (5)	6 (3)
Both before and after, n (%)	15 (5)	7 (9)	8 (4)
Phenylephrine and Ephedrine, n (%)	37 (13)	16 (20)	21 (10)	0.02a

Values are presented as medians with 25^th and 75^th percentiles, or as numbers (n) and percentages %.

^aP < 0.05 denotes statistical significance.

DGF: Delayed graft function; MAP: Mean arterial blood pressure; NaHCO3: Sodium bicarbonate; CaCl₂: Calcium chloride; OR: Operating room.