Native and transplant kidney histopathological manifestations in association with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review

Table 4 Post-mortem kidney biopsy findings in coronavirus disease 2019 cases

Ref.	Number in series	Number with kidney histology	Age-median (range)	Gender (male), n (%)	Comorbidities, n (%)	AKI, n (%)	RRT, n (%)	Covid treatment, n (%)	Pathological findings, n (%)
Bradley et al[52]	14	14	73.5 (42-84)	6	Diabetes 5, HTN 9, CKD 5	6 (1 at presentation)		-	ATI 11, FSGS 1, chronic inflammation 1, renal vein thrombus 1
Su et al[67]	26	26	69 (39-87)	19	Diabetes 3, HTN 11, CKD 2	-	5 (6 no record)	Arbidol 10, Ribavirin 2, Lopinavir/ritonavir 5, steroids 15	ATI 26, TMA 1, FSGS 2, pigment nephropathy 3, IgA 1, pyelonephritis 2, PIGN 1
Santoriello et al[64]	42	31 (11 excluded due to autolysis)	71.5 (38-97)	29	Diabetes 17, HTN 30, CKD 8	31 (94)-stage (38.1)	8 (36)	Plaquenil 36, steroids 22 (61% combination), tocilizumab 6 (17%)	ATI 31, TMA 6, collapsing FSGS 1, chronic inflammation 27, IgA 1
Farkash et al[55]	1	1	53	-	-	1	1	HCQ, IL-6 blinded trial	ATI 1
Werion et al[68]	49	6	64 (54-74)	34	Diabetes 10, HTN 23, CKD 7	11 (22)	2 (4)	HCQ 48 (98%), azi 7 (14%), steroids 7 14%), IL-7: 8 (16.5%), tocilizumab 1 (2%)	ATI 5, FSGS 1, chronic inflammation 2
Lax et al[60]	11	11	N/A	8	Diabetes 5, HTN 8	6 (54.5)	-	Azi/HCQ 2	ATI 11, chronic inflammation 2
Golmai et al[56]	12	12	75 (49-92)	10	Diabetes 4, HTN 9, CKD 1	9	8	Tocilizumab/HCQ/steroids 7, HCQ/steroids 4	ATI 9, oxalosis 1
Falasca et al[54]	18	9	76.5 (27-92)	12	Diabetes 4, HTN 4 , CKD 2	-	-		Chronic inflammation 12
Schurink et al[65]	21	21	68 (41-78)	16	Diabetes 1	15 (71); 10 stage 3	5	Chloroquine 10 (48%), antiviral 4 (19%), steroids 5 (24%)	ATI 12, TMA 1
Hanley et al[58]	10	9	73 (IQR 52-79)	7	HTN 4	-	-	-	ATI 9, TMA 5
Rapkiewicz et al[62]	7	7	60 (44-65)	3	Diabetes 5, HTN 6, CKD 1	-	-	Azi/HCQ 2, Azi/HCQ/Tocilizumab 2, Azi/HCQ/Anakinra	ATI 7, TMA 1
González Pessolani et al[57]	4	2	78	2	Diabetes 1, HTN 1	2		-	ATI 2, TMA 1
Jacobs et al[59]	1	1	78	1	HTN 1	1	1	Azi/HCQ/steroids	ATI 1, Oxalosis 1
Sekulic et al[66]	2	2	(54-81)	2	Diabetes 2, HTN 2, CKD 1	2	-	Remdesivir 1	ATI 2
Remmelink et al[63]	17	17	72 (62-77)	12	Diabetes 9, HTN 10, CKD 3	15	-	HCQ 15, Steroids 2, Lopinavir/ritonavir 2, Remdesivir 2, Oseltamivir 1	-
Brook et al[53]	5	3	75 (58-82)	1	Diabetes 2, HTN 3, CKD 1	-	-	-	ATI 3
Menter et al[61]	21	17	76 (53-96)	17	Diabetes 7, HTN 21, CKD 4	-	-	-	ATI 14, TMA 2

AKI: Acute kidney injury; ATI: Acute tubular injury; Azi: Azithromycin; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; FSGS: Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine; HTN: Hypertension; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IL-6: Interleukin-6; PIGN: Post infectious glomerulonephritis; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; TMA: Thrombotic microangiopathy.