Role of novel biomarkers in kidney transplantation

Table 1 Summary of novel biomarker studies of chemokines associated with immunologic outcomes

Ref.	n	Sample	Biomarkers	Outcome	Study conclusion
Rabant et al[11], 2015	244	Urine	uCXCL9, uCXCL10	Rejection	CXCL9/10a correlated with ti+mvi (i+t; g + ptc) CXCL10: Cra diagnosed TCMR and ABMR (AUC > 0.75); CXCL10: Cr + DSAa improved the diagnosis of ABMR (AUC = 0.83)
Hricik et al[12], 2015	21	Urine	CXCL9	Rejection	uCXCL9 predicts AR by a median of 15 d before clinical detection
Faddoul et al[13], 2018	184	Urine and plasma	IFN-γ ELISpot; CXCL9	ACR	CXCL9 predictive of ACR; IFN-γ predictive of 1 year ↓eGFR; neither predicted 5-yr outcomes
Xu et al[14], 2018	87	Plasma	Circulating fractalkine, IFN-γ and IP-10	AR	Fractalkine on day 0, IP-10 at +7 and IFN-γ on +7 had the highest AUC (0.866) for predicting AR in 1 mo (sensitivity 86.8%; specificity 89.8%)
Tefik et al[15], 2019	65 (9 rejection, 56 stable)	Plasma	IL-2, IL-8	Rejection	IL-2b and IL-8c predict AR; IL-2b and IL-8d levels correlated with ↓ 3 mo eGFR in the AR group
de Holanda et al[16], 2018	73	Plasma	sCD30	Rejection; Graft survival	Plasma CD30 at +7, +14 associated w AR (P = 0.036). No difference in 5 yr graft survival

^aP < 0.001 vs histology.

^bP < 0.05 vs non-rejection group.

^cP < 0.02 vs non-rejection group.

^dP <0.01 vs non-rejection group.u: Urinary; C-X-C: C-terminal amino acid sequence Cystine-X-Cystine; CXCL9: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand nine; CXCL10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand ten; ti: Total inflammation; mvi: Microvascular inflammation; i: Interstitial inflammation; t: Tubulitis; g: Glomerulitis; ptc: Peritubular capillaritis; Cr: Creatinine; TCMR: T cell-mediated rejection: ABMR: Antibody-mediated rejection; AUC: Area under the curve; DSA: Donor specific antibodies; AR: Acute rejection; ACR: Acute cellular rejection; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; IP-10: Interferon gamma-induced protein ten; IL-2: Interleukin-2; IL-8: Interleukin-8; CD30: Cluster of differentiation thirty; sCD30: Soluble cluster of differentiation 30.