Bacterial biofilms in human gastrointestinal tract: An intricate balance between health and inflammatory bowel diseases

Table 1 Susceptible chromosomal loci for inflammatory bowel disease

No.	Related disease	Gene(s)	Role(s) ininflammation	Ref.
1	UC + CD	NOD2/CARD15, CD19, CD11, IL4R	Detection of cytosolic bacterial components	[105]
2	UC + CD	IL23R, PTGER4	Generation and maintenance of Th17 cells; prostaglandins signaling	[23,106]
3	CD	IRGM, IL12B	Autophagy	[22,23]
4	CD	STAT3, ORMDL3	Development of T cell response	[22,23]
5	CD	IL3, IL4, IL5 and IL13,OCTN1, OCTN2, CSF2, SLC22A5	Mucosal barrier function, cytokines production, Regulation of inflammation	[106]
6	UC + CD	MST1, BSN, GNAI2	Regulation of expression of proinflammatory mediators	[105]

CD: Crohn's disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; NOD2: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; CARD15: Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15; CD19: Cluster of differentiation 19; IL4R: Interleukin 4 receptor; IL23R: Interleukin 23 receptor; PTGER4: Prostaglandin E receptor 4; IRGM: Immunity related GTPase M; IL12B: Interleukin 12B; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ORMDL3: Orosomucoid like 3; OCTN1: Organic cation transporter, novel, type 1; CSF2: Colony stimulating factor 2; SLC22A5: Solute carrier family 22 member 5; MST1: Macrophage stimulating 1; BSN: Bassoon (presynaptic cytomatrix protein); GNAI2: G protein subunit alpha I2.