Therapeutic options and vaccine development in the treatment of leishmaniasis

Table 1 Common therapeutic options for treatment of leishmaniasis

Medication	Disease	Dosing	Adverse effects	Ref.
Antimony Sodium stibogluconate	CL, VL	IM, IV, IL	IM/IV: Cardiotoxicity, elevated aminotransaminases, elevated pancreatic enzymes, pancytopenia, electrolyte abnormalities IL: pain, hyperpigmentation, risk of bacterial infection	[1,13,15,89]
Amphotericin	CL, MCL, VL	IV	Renal insufficiency, electrolyte abnormalities	[1,13,18,20]
Pentamidine	CL, VL	IM, IV	Hypoglycemia, elevated amiontransaminases, nausea, vomiting, bone marrow toxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity	[1,13,22,23]
Miltefosine	VL, CL, MCL	PO	Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, teratogen	[1,13,15,18]
Paromomycin	CL, VL	IM, PO, topically	Ototoxicity, vestibular instability, nephrotoxicity	[1,22]
Pentoxyfylline	CL, MCL	PO	Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness	[27]
Azoles	CL, VL	PO	Hepatic toxicity	[1,17]
Imiquimod	CL	Topical	Irritation at site of application	[1,11]
Thermotherapy	CL	Topical	Pain, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation	[16,17,30]
Cryotherapy	CL	Topical	Local blistering, secondary bacterial infection	[8,16]
Phototherapy	CL	Topical	Pain	[30]

CL: Cutaneous leishmaniasis; VL: Visceral leishmaniasis; MCL: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis; IM: Intramuscular; IV: Intravenous; IL: Intralesional; PO: Oral.