Importance of microenvironment in preclinical models of breast and prostate cancer

Table 3 Comparison of different types of breast and prostate cancer xenograft models

Type	Relevant ME	Metastases	Costs	Ease	Ref.
Subcutaneous	No	No	Low	Easy	[51]
Orthotopic BrCa	Yes	Yes	Low	Easy	[45]
Orthotopic PCa	Yes	Yes	Medium	Difficult	[55]
Intratibial	Yes	Yes	Medium	Difficult	[56]
Intravenous/cardiac	Yes	Yes	Medium	Medium	[60]
Humanized	Yes	Yes	High	Difficult	[67]
PDX	Yes	No	High	Difficult	[94]

ME: Microenvironment; BrCa: Breast cancer; PCa: Prostate cancer; PDX: Patient-derived xenograft.