Subversion of cellular stress responses by poxviruses

Figure 1 Heat shock responses induced by poxviruses. Under normal conditions, HSFs interact with HSPs or exist as a monomer in the cytosol. Upon exposure to stress conditions such as heat shock, oxidative stress or poxvirus infection, HSF1 undergoes post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, trimerizes and migrates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, HSF1 trimer binds to the HSE, leading to induction of all classes of HSPs and other chaperones. HSE: Heat shock elements; HSFs: Heat shock transcription factors; HSPs: Heat shock proteins.