Role of chemokines and cytokines in the neuropathogenesis of African trypanosomiasis

Table 1 Cytokines and chemokines with increased expression in the brain parenchyma of rodents and cerebrospinal fluid of human patients, more during late than early stage African trypanosomiasis

Site	Cytokine/chemokine	Ref.
Chemokines
Rodent brain parenchyma	CCL21, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL9, CCL12, CCL19, CCL28 CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL101, CXCL12, CXCL131, CXCL14, CXCL16	[5,19]
HAT patient CSF	CCL21, CCL3, CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL101, CXCL131	[5,7,8,20-25]
Cytokines
Rodent brain parenchyma	IFN-γ1, IL-1α, IL-1β1, IL-6, IL-101, TGF-β, TNF-α1	[10,19,26-28,30]
HAT patient CSF	IFN-γ1, IL-1β1, IL-61, IL-101, TNF-α1	[5,7,8,20,22,32-34]

¹Expressed in both late stage rodent brains and HAT patients’ CSF. CCL: C-C motif chemokine; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine; HAT: Human African trypanosomiasis; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; TGF: Transforming growth factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.