Current situation of Giardia infection in Spain: Implications for public health

Table 4 Detection of Giardia spp. faecal samples from farmed animals in Spain (1990 onwards)

Specie	Province/region	Period	No. samples	Technique(s)	Infection rate (%)	Ref.
Cattle12	Aragón	1990-1993	554	CC + CM	11.7	[30]
Cattle1	Granada	NS	592	CC + CM	0.2	[37]
Cattle1	Galicia	2005	734	IFA	30.1	[31]
Cattle1	Galicia	NS	379	IFA	26.6	[32]
Cattle12	Galicia	2007	1316	IFA	4.9-28.54	[34]
Cattle1	Galicia	2008-2009	649	CC + IFA	21-383	[33]
Cattle1	Álava	2008-2009	227	CpAg-ELISA + ICT	1.4	[29]
Sheep1	Granada	NS	1165	CC + CM	6.3	[37]
Sheep12	Zaragoza	1995-1997	583	CC + CM	2.7	[91]
Sheep1	Galicia	NS	575	IFA	32.7	[36]
Sheep1	Galicia	NS	446	IFA	19.2	[32]
Sheep1	Valencia	2005-2007	386	IFA + PCR	42.0	[35]
Sheep1	Galicia	2008-2009	377	CC + IFA	26-443	[33]
Goats1	Granada	NS	574	CC + CM	4.0	[37]
Goats1	Galicia	NS	116	IFA	19.8	[32]
Goats12	Canary Islands	2006-2007	315	IFA	42.2	[75]
Ostriches/rheas	Various	1997-2000	177	Nec. + CC + CM	< 1	[92]

CC: Concentration techniques; CM: Conventional microscopy; IFA: Immunofluorescence microscopy; CpAg-ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of copro-antigens; ICT: Inmunochromatography assay; Nec.: Necropsy; NS: Not specified; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.

¹Asymptomatic;

²Symptomatic (defined as the presence of diarrhoea);

³Depending on age and geographical location;

⁴Depending on age and sampling season.