Current situation of Giardia infection in Spain: Implications for public health

Table 3 Detection of Giardia spp. in human stool samples in Spain (1990 onwards)

Population	Province/region	Period	No. samples	Technique(s)	Infection rate (%)	Ref.
Mixed1	Madrid	NS	405	CM	7.4	[20]
Urban paediatric12	Salamanca	1987-1989	354	CC + CM	13.0	[21]
Rural paediatric1	Ávila	1992-1993	318	CC + CM	4.4	[87]
Innate12	Madrid	1991-1993	1281	CC + CM	21.0	[22]
Urban paediatric1	Cuenca	NS	891	CC + CM	36.4	[88]
Day care centre12	Salamanca	1990-1991	523	CC + CM + IFA	25.3	[23]
Urban and rural paediatric1	Andalusia	1994-1996	1917	CC + CM	5.0	[89]
Immigrants12	Madrid	1989-1999	NS	CC + CM	5.4	[25]
Urban paediatric1	Valencia	2005	270	CC + CM	4.3	[90]
Immigrants12	Barcelona	2001-2004	2464	NS	5.4	[26]
Outpatients2	Catalonia	1999-2005	13 913	CM	3.9	[24]
Rural paediatric1	Álava	2008-2009	328	CpAg-ELISA + ICT	3.5	[29]

CC: Concentration techniques; CM: Conventional microscopy; CpAg-ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of copro-antigens; ICT: Inmunochromatography assay; IFA: Immunofluorescence microscopy; NS: Not specified.

¹Asymptomatic;

²Symptomatic (defined as the presence of diarrhoea and/or vomiting).