Antihypertensive effects of foods

Table 2 Antihypertensive effects of functional foods in human clinical trials

Functional foods	Human clinical trials		Ref.
	Targets	Study designs
Tea	Obese (BMI ≥ 30), hypertensive subjects	Taking 379 mg of Green Tea extract (including 208 mg of EGCG) for 3 mo. (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[11]
	Overweight or obese subjects (BMI > 28)	Taking 400 mg of EGCG twice daily for 8 wk. (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[10]
GABA	Subjects with high normal blood pressure	Drinking 100 mL of fermented milk containing 12.3 mg of GABA for 12 wk. (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[17]
	Mildly hypertensive subjects	Drinking 100 mL of fermented milk product containing 10-12 mg of GABA for 12 wk. (randomized single-blind, placebo-controlled trial	[18]
	Subjects with high-normal blood pressure	Taking less-sodium soy sauce containing 120 mg of GABA once daily for 12 wk. (double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	[19]
Stevia	Subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension	Taking 250 mg of stevioside 3 times daily for 1 yr. (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[25]
	Subjects with mild essential hypertension	Taking 500 mg of stevioside 3 times daily for 2 yr. (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[26]
Black vinegar	Subjects with high normal, mild hypertension	Taking a drink containing 15% black vinegar or 15% apple vinegar for 10 wk (double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[29]
	Subjects with high normal, mild hypertension	taking a drink containing tomato vinega (750 mg/100 g per day) for 12 wk (double-blind placebo-controlled trial)	[30]
	Subjects with mild to moderate hypertension	Taking a drink containing apple vinegar (acetic acid 0.75 g/100 mL) or acetic acid (acetic acid 1.5 g/100 mL) for 8 wk	[31]
		(three groups parallel, placebo-controlled trial)
Goma	Subjects with mild hypertension	Taking 60 mg of sesamin for 4 wk (double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial)	[37]
Fish oil	Subjects with essential hypertension	Taking 2.7 g of EPA for 8 wk (randomized double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial)	[41]
	Subjects with hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia	Taking a 2 g of DHA for 5 wk (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[45]
Garlic	Subjects with uncontrolled systolic hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg)	Taking aged garlic extract (240/480/960 mg containing 0.6/1.2/2.4 mg of S-allylcysteine) for 12 wk (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[51]
	Subjects with uncontrolled hypertension	Taking 960 mg of aged garlic extract containing 2.4 mg S-allylcysteine daily for 12 wk (randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial)	[55]
Onion	Subjects with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension	Taking 730 mg quercetin for 4 wk (randomized double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial)	[63]
Pea	subjects with SBP ranging from 125 to 170 mmHg	Taking 1.5 and 3 g of PPH for 3 wk (randomized double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial)	[64]

A list of human clinical trials. We reviewed mainly clinical trials involving hypertensive patients. BMI: Body mass index; GABA: G-aminobutyric acid; EGCG: Epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate.