Cardiac markers: Role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension

Table 2 Role of osteopontin, extracellular matrix, and C-reactive protein in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension

Ref.	Cardiac markers	The main finding of cardiac markers in arterial hypertension
Caesar et al[32], 2016	Osteopontin expression	The study found that hypertension-induced elevated in osteopontin expression was inhibited in transgenic smooth muscle cell-specific catalase overexpressing (TgSMC-Cat) mice
Yang et al[34], 2020	Osteopontin	Circulating osteopontin was an independent risk factor for both left ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in essential hypertensive patients
Caesar et al[35],	Osteopontin	Osteopontin is upregulated with mechanical strain in smooth muscle cells and the aorta with hypertension through hydrogen peroxide
Bellan et al[36], 2021	Osteopontin	Osteopontin was significantly associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension among patients with connective tissue diseases
Cai et al[39], 2021	Extracellular ma-tri	Extracellular matrix remodeling in the component profiles, mechanical properties, degradation processes, and degraded fragment production leads to subsequent vascular wall structural and functional remodeling and results in hypertension
Smith et al[43], 2005	C-reactive protein	C-reactive protein concentrations are linked with hypertension, and pulse pressure, but adjustment for life course confounding and the Mendelian randomization approach suggests that higher C-reactive protein levels do not lead to higher blood pressure
Hage et al[44], 2013	C-reactive protein	Explained the role of C-reactive protein in hypertensive individuals which is linked with vascular stiffness, atherosclerosis and the development of end-organ damage and cardiovascular events
Sesso et al[45], 2003	C-reactive protein	C-reactive protein levels are connected with future development of hypertension, which suggests that hypertension is in part an inflammatory disorder
Lakoski et al[46], 2005	C-reactive protein	The study confirms the existence of an independent association between hypertension and inflammation in both men and women. Ethnic group differences were evident, with the strongest association observed in Chinese participants and no difference in C-reactive protein levels by hypertension status in Hispanics
Pan et al[47], 2019	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is prevalent in Yi people and does not support high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a risk factor for prehypertension or hypertension
Shao-Yuan et al[49], 2013	C-reactive protein	The concentration of C-reactive protein was associated with systolic pressure and pulse pressure, but not with diastolic blood pressure
Van et al[50], 2022	C-reactive protein	The association between C-reactive protein and hypertension among Ghanaian migrants and urban-Ghanaian women, however, was largely explained by conventional risk factors. Thus, prevention of conventional risk factors, in particular obesity, may help to reduce the potentially low-grade inflammatory mechanism underlying hypertension