Cardiac markers: Role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension

Table 1 Role of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I, and lipoprotein (a) in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension

Ref.	Cardiac markers	The main finding of cardiac markers in arterial hypertension
Brewster et al[11], 2006	Creatine kinase	Creatine kinase was independently associated with blood pressure, with an increase in systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively
Emokpae et al[12], 2017	Creatinine kinase-MB	The mean creatinine kinase-MB activity of the female hypertensive subjects was significantly higher than the males
McEvoy et al[13], 2015	High-sensitive cardiac troponin T	In an ambulatory population with no history of cardiovascular disease, high-sensitive cardiac troponin T was associated with incident hypertension and risk of left ventricular hypertrophy
Emokpae et al[12], 2015	Cardiac troponin I	The mean cardiac troponin I of the female hypertensive subjects was significantly higher than the males
Kim et al[14], 2022	Cardiac troponin I	Reported the elevated cardiac troponin I in the crisis of hypertensive patients which could provide useful prognostic information and permit the early identification of patients with an increased risk of death
Stefanie et al[15], 2015	High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I	The study concluded that an independent relation was found between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I with systolic blood pressure as well as left ventricular hypertrophy
Sato et al[16], 2011	High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T	The high-sensitive cardiac troponin T was 78% of patients presenting with treated essential hypertension and independently correlated with age, renal function, and electrocardiogram voltage of hypertrophy
Afonso et al[18], 2011	Cardiac troponin I	Observed a disturbingly high incidence of mortality in individuals presenting with a hypertensive emergency, although neither the presence nor the extent of cardiac troponin I release was associated with greater odds of death
Acosta et al[19], 2020	Troponin	About one-third of patients with the hypertensive crisis have detectable troponin. Still, among these patients, less than half have troponin levels consistent with myocardial injury, and the majority of these patients have minimal changes in serial troponin
Tehrani et al[17], 2019	High-sensitive cardiac troponin T	An increase in high-sensitive cardiac troponin T over time is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease even when the blood pressure is stable or decreases over time
Liu et al[22], 2021	Lipoprotein (a)	Elevated lipoprotein (a) was associated with an increased risk of A cerebrovascular events in stable coronary artery disease patients with hypertension. Moreover, the coexistence of high lipoprotein (a) concentrations and hypertension greatly worsened the clinical prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease, which may suggest a prognostic correlation between lipoprotein (a) and hypertension
Gazzaruso et al[23], 1996	Lipoprotein (a) levels and apo (a) isoforms	High lipoprotein (a) levels and apolp (a) isoforms of low molecular weight are strongly associated with a family history of coronary heart disease in hypertensives. The quantification of lipoprotein (a) levels and the characterization of apo (a) phenotypes may be used for the assessment of familial predisposition to coronary heart disease in hypertensives
Catalano et al[24], 1998	Lipoprotein (a)	Higher plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a), albeit within the normal range, could be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and could contribute to increasing the incidence of cardiovascular disease in people with essential arterial hypertension.
Ghorbani et al[25], 2013	Lipoprotein (a)	There was a significant correlation between serum lipoprotein (a) and age or duration of high blood pressure
Antonicelli et al[26], 2001	Lipoprotein (a)	The study found a significant correlation was found between lipoprotein (a) levels and the night-time systolic and diastolic pressures as well as with the mean night-time fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressures
Drgan et al[27], 2011	Lipoprotein (a)	Lipoprotein (a) was significantly higher in the hypertension group than in the hypertension group and then in the control group
Sechi et al[28], 1997	Lipoprotein (a)	Reported that lipoprotein (a) levels, as well as apolipoprotein (a) phenotype, have also been shown to be related to target organ damage in patients with essential hypertension, with a higher frequency of the low molecular weight apo (a) phenotype in patients with increasing severity of target organ damage
Ward et al[29], 2021	Lipoprotein (a)	Authors suggested that in approximately 30% of the patients in this risk, lipoprotein (a) level is elevated in the hypertensive cohort and measurement of lipoprotein (a) could be useful in risk stratification
Woo et al[31], 1991	Lipoprotein (a)	The study showed a history of hypertension, a high serum lipoprotein(a) concentration, and a low apolp (a)-I concentration to be independent risk factors for all strokes