Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution and mutation patterns: Insights and clinical implications for hepatitis B virus positive patients

Table 1 It shows mutation impact on hepatitis B virus and its clinical consequences

Region	Effect on hepatitis B virus	Clinical consequences
Pre-S region	Impaired secretion, immune escape	Increased HCC risk, occult infections
S region	Altered hepatitis B surface antigen structure	Diagnostic failures, vaccine escape
Basalcore promoter region	Reduced HBeAg, increased replication	Severe liver disease, HCC
Precore region	Loss of HBeAg	Silent chronic infection, higher liver inflammation
Polymerase region	Antiviral resistance	Treatment failure, persistent viremia
X gene	Enhanced oncogenesis	Direct contribution to HCC

HbeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.