Dynamics of inflammatory signals within the tumor microenvironment

Table 1 Players in the immunosuppressive milieu and their roles

Immune cells/cytokines	Role in tumorigenesis
Regulatory T cells	Suppress anti-tumor immune responses, contributing to immune tolerance of tumor cells
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells	Inhibit T-cell function, promote tumor progression by creating a pro-tumoral environment
Tumor-associated macrophages	Support tumor growth and metastasis through cytokine release and immune suppression
Transforming growth factor beta	Inhibits cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells; promotes extracellular matrix remodeling and metastasis
Interleukin-10	Inhibits anti-tumor immunity and contributes to an immunosuppressive microenvironment
Vascular endothelial growth factor	Promotes angiogenesis, providing nutrients and oxygen to tumors
Programmed death-ligand 1	Interacts with programmed death-1 on T cells, leading to immune exhaustion and preventing T cells from attacking tumors