Hepatic and renal effects of oral stingless bee honey in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

Figure 3 Periodic acid–Schiff staining of kidney tissue sample on day 13. A: Tissue sample for the non-diabetic (ND) control group; B: Untreated (UNT) diabetic group; C: Stingless bee honey plus metformin (SBME) treatment group; D: Stingless bee honey (SBH) treatment group; E: Metformin (MET) treatment group. The ND control group showed normal kidney tissue architecture. The UNT group had hydropic tubules and thickened basement membrane of the glomeruli, tubules, and blood capillaries. The SBH group showed improvement in these basement membrane changes. The MET group showed mild thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. The SBME group showed improvement of the basement membrane (PAS staining, 40 ×). G: Glomerulus; TBM: Thin layer basement membrane of glomeruli; T: Tubules; THBM: Thickening basement membrane of glomeruli; TT: Thickening basement membrane of tubules; AT: Atrophic tubules; MTBM: Mild thickening basement membrane of glomeruli.