Validation of the VitalPAC Early Warning Score at the Intermediate Care Unit

Table 1 Predictive Performance of the regular VitalPAC Early Warning Score and updated models at the Intermediate Care Unit

Predictors	AUROC	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	PPV (%)	NPV (%)	NNT
ViEWS, with regular threshold (5)	0.72 (0.69-0.75)	79	49	4	99	23
ViEWS, with optimal threshold (6)	0.72 (0.69-0.75)	68	64	5	98	19
ViEWS and noradrenalin	0.72 (0.69–0.75)	68	64	5	98	19
ViEWS and oxygen (continuous)	0.74 (0.71-0.77)	61	76	7	98	14
ViEWS and nurse worry score	0.73 (0.70-0.76)	70	63	5	99	21
ViEWS and change in ViEWS	0.74 (0.70-0.78)	65	70	7	99	16
ViEWS and noradrenalin, nurse worry score, oxygen (continuous) and change in ViEWS	0.78 (0.74-0.81)	62	78	10	99	11

The numbers presented indicate the area under the curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and number needed to trigger (NNT). This is shown for the original VitalPAC early warning score model (ViEWS) with both the regularly used and optimal threshold, and for the updated models containing additional parameters, all with their optimal thresholds as determined by the Q-point method. ViEWS: VitalPac Early Warning Score; NNT: Number needed to trigger.