Adverse events in critical care: Search and active detection through the Trigger Tool

Table 4 Triggers and adverse events among the different studies in ICU using the Trigger Tool methodology

Ref.	Most frequent triggers	Adverse event	Severity	Preventability
Resar et al[2]	1 Proceeding 2 Hemoglobin fall 3 Intubation or reintubation 4 Pneumonia 5 Positive blood cultures	Triggers led to an AE in: 1 17.8% 2 65% 3 54% 4 67% 5 83%	E = 58.2% F = 24.3% G = 2% H = 11.4% Y = 4.1%	Not reported
Nilson et al[12]	Not reported	1 Nosocomial infection (22%) 2 Hypoglycemia (19%) 3 Pressure ulcer (17%) 4 Complication by procedure (15%)	E = 49% F = 10% G = 2.4% H = 4.8% Y = 33.8%	54%
PREVENT[13]	149 triggers. Does not report frequencies	1 Delay/failure in medical management (14.4%) 2 Surgical tissue damage (11.5%) 3 Failure to monitor scales by nursing (96%) 4 Error in medication prescription (8.6%)	E = 5.5% F = 31% G = 32% H = 21% Y = 10.5%	77%
UPB (Molina et al)	248 triggers 1 Skin defects or lacerations (14.7%) 2 Excitation or drowsiness of the patient (13.9%) 3 Hypotension (13.5%) 4 Unscheduled removal of surgery catheter, probes, drains or other devices (13.9%) 5 Initiation of antibiotics after 48 h of admission (11.5%)	1 Pressure ulcers (17.6%) 2 Complications or reactions to medical devices (4.3%) 3 Lacerations (3.7%) 4 Drug-induced hypotension (2.8%) 5 Poor glycemic control (2.6%)	E = 38.4% F = 0.9% G = 0.3% H = 10.8% Y = 0.3%	48.9%