Predictive value of cytokines for developing complications after polytrauma

Table 6 Value of cytokine concentrations for predicting mortality

Ref.	Design	No pts.	Mortalityn (%)	Follow-up	Diagnostic tests	Predicts mortality	Results
IL-6
Bogner et al[36]	P-coh	58	11 (19%)	90 d		Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 0 + 6 h
Cuschieri et al[34]	P-coh	152	4 (5%)	In-hospital		N	[IL-6] is not significantly higher in non-survivors
Dresing et al[26]	P-coh	30	6 (19%)	29 d		Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors on days 3 + 5
Frink et al[3]	P-coh	143	21 (15%)	In-hospital	> 2176.0 pg/mL: Sensitivity 28.6%, specificity 100% on day 1	Y	[IL-6] is highly predictive for non-survival (AUC ROC 0.858)
Frangen et al[59]	P-cc	71	16 (22%)	In-hospital		Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors
Gebhard et al[40]	P-coh	94	18 (19%)	In-hospital		Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 4 + 6 + 12 h post injury
Maier et al[27]	P-coh	251	29 (12%)	In-hospital	AUC ROC 0.60	N	[IL-6] is not predictive for non-survival
Sousa et al[51]	P-coh	99	28 (28%)	72 h	> 276 pg/mL: AUC ROC2 0,775 (95%CI: 0.591-0.960)	Y	[IL-6] > 276 pg/mL is significantly correlated with non-survival
Svoboda et al[62]	P-cc	42	11 (26%)	In-hospital	> 400 pg/mL has a sensitivity of 100%	Y	[IL-6] > 400 pg/mL is significantly correlated with non-survival
Yagmur et al[63]	P-cc	99	17 (17%)	60 d		Y	[IL-6] is significantly elevated in non-survivors
IL-8
Bogner et al[36]	P-coh	58	11 (19%)	90 d		Y	[IL-8] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 6 + 24 h
Liener et al[43]	P-coh	94	18 (19%)	15 d		Y	[IL-8] is significantly higher in non-survivors from 30 min-24 h
Maier et al[27]	P-coh	251	29 (12%)	In-hospital	AUC ROC 0.45	N	[IL-8] is not predictive for non-survival
Yagmur et al[63]	P-cc	99	17 (17%)	60 d		Y	[IL-8] is significantly elevated in non-survivors
IL-10
Bogner et al[36]	P-coh	58	11 (19%)	90 d		Y	[IL-10] is significantly higher in non-survivors at 72 h post injury
Gouel-Chéron et al[53]	P-cc	100	5 (5%)	14 d		Y	[IL-10] is significantly higher in non-survivors when detectable on days 1 + 2
Heizmann et al[52]	R-cc	195	37 (19%)	42 d		N	[IL-10] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant
Maier et al[27]	P-coh	251	29 (12%)	In-hospital	AUC ROC 0.51	N	[IL-10] is not predictive for non-survival
Neidhardt et al[54]	P-cc	417	92 (22%)	21 d		Y	[IL-10] is significantly increased in non-survivors on days 1 + 3
Sherry et al[14]	R-cc	66	1 (2%)	50 d		N	[IL-10] is not related to non-survival
Sousa et al[51]	P-coh	99	28 (28%)	72 h	> 8.24 pg/mL: AUC ROC 0.871 (95%CI: 0.715-1.000)	Y	[IL-10] > 8.24 pg/mL is associated with non-survival at 48 + 72 h post injury
TNF-α
Dresing et al[26]	P-coh	30	6 (19%)	29 d		N	[TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors
Sousa et al[51]	P-coh	99	28 (28%)	72 h		N	[TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors
Spielmann et al[57]	P-cc	47	11 (23%)	6 d		N	[TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors
Svoboda et al[62]	P-cc	42	11 (26%)	In-hospital		Y	[TNF-α] is significantly elevated in non-survivors
Yagmur et al[63]	P-cc	99	17 (17%)	60 d		N	[TNF-α] is not significantly elevated in non-survivors
IL-18
Heizmann et al[52]	R-cc	195	37 (19%)	42 d		N	[IL-18] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant
Mommsen et al[30]	P-coh	55	7 (13%)	14 d		Y	[IL-18] is significantly increased in non-survivors on days 2-7
Roetman et al[60]	P-cc	229	36 (16%)	30 d		N	[IL-18] median value is significantly lower in non-survivors
IL-2
Heizmann et al[52]	R-cc	195	37 (19%)	42 d		N	[IL-2] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant
Svoboda et al[62]	P-cc	42	11 (26%)	In-hospital		N	[IL-2] is not related to non-survival
Yagmur et al[63]	P-cc	99	17 (17%)	60 d		Y	[IL-2] is significantly increased in non-survivors
IL-1
Svoboda et al[62]	P-cc	42	11 (26%)	In-hospital		N	[IL-1] is not related to non-survival
Yagmur et al[63]	P-cc	99	17 (17%)	60 d		N	[IL-1] is not related to non-survival
IL-12
Heizmann et al[52]	R-cc	195	37 (19%)	42 d		N	[IL-12] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant
Wick et al[49]	P-coh	37	6 (16%)	In-hospital		Y	[IL-12] is significantly lower in non-survivors
IL-11
Schinkel et al[61]	P-cc	216	34 (16%)	In-hospital		N	[IL-11] is lower in non-survivors, only reaching significance after week 4
Heizmann et al[52]	R-cc	195	37 (19%)	42 d		N	[IL-11] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant
IL-17
Frangen et al[59]	P-cc	71	16 (22%)	In-hospital		N	[IL-17] is not related to non-survival
IL-4
Heizmann et al[52]	R-cc	195	37 (19%)	42 d		N	[IL-4] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant
Roetman et al[60]	P-cc	229	36 (16%)	30 d		N	[IL-4] is not related to mortality
IFN-γ
Heizmann et al[52]	R-cc	195	37 (19%)	42 d		N	[IFN-γ] tends towards lower levels in non-survivors; not significant
Roetman et al[60]	P-cc	229	36 (16%)	30 d		N	[IFN-γ] inconsistently detectable

P-coh: Prospective cohort study; P-cc: Prospective case-control study; R-cc: Retrospective case-control study; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve; Pts: Patients; Y: Yes; N: No.