Predictive value of cytokines for developing complications after polytrauma

Table 3 Value of cytokine concentrations for predicting sepsis

Ref.	Year	Design	No pts.	Sepsis n (%)	Diagnostic tests	Predicts sepsis	Results
IL-6
Billeter et al[35]	2009	P-coh	1032			Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in sepsis between days 3-7
Egger et al[38]	2004	P-coh	26	9 (35%)		N	[IL-6] is significantly higher in sepsis before clinical manifestations; does not predict sepsis
Flores et al[39]	2001	P-coh	43	21 (49%)		N	[IL-6] is not significantly altered in sepsis
Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55]	2008	P-cc	69	43 (62%)	ROC AUC 0.500 (95%CI: 0.304-0.696, P > 0.05)	N	[IL-6] is not related to the development of sepsis
Gouel-Chéron et al[53]	2012	P-cc	100	37 (37%)	> 67.1 pg/mL: Sensitivity 85%; specificity 73%	Y	[IL-6] > 67.1 pg/mL is predictive for sepsis on days 1 + 2 (OR = 10.9)
Haasper et al[28]	2010	P-coh	94	15 (16%)		N	[IL-6] is not significantly different in sepsis
Keel et al[41]	2009	P-coh	83	33 (40%)		Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in sepsis on days 5 + 14
Lausevic et al[33]	2010	P-coh	65	41 (63%)		N	[IL-6] is not predictive for sepsis
Oberholzer et al[46]	2000	P-coh	1276	179 (14%)		Y	[IL-6] is significantly higher in septic patients
Paunel-Görgülü et al[47]	2011	P-coh	47	18 (38%)	AUC ROC 0.79 (day 5 post injury)	Y	[IL-6] is significantly elevated on days 5 + 9 in sepsis
IL-8
Egger et al[38]	2004	P-coh	26	9 (35%)		N	[IL-8] is not significantly altered in sepsis
Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55]	2008	P-cc	69	43 (62%)	AUC ROC 0.453 (95%CI: 0.254-0.652, P > 0.05)	N	[IL-8] is not predictive for sepsis
IL-10
Gouel-Chéron et al[53]	2012	P-cc	100	37 (37%)		N	[IL-10] is not related to the development of sepsis
Lausevic et al[33]	2010	P-coh	65	41 (63%)		Y	[IL-10] is significantly lower in sepsis on days 1 + 2
Menges et al[50]	1999	P-coh	68	17 (25%)		Y	[IL-10] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF after 6 d
Neidhardt et al[54]	1997	P-cc	417	45 (11%)		Y	[IL-10] is significantly higher in sepsis on days 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 10 + 14 + 21
Sherry et al[14]	1996	R-cc	66	26 (39%)		Y	[IL-10] is significantly higher in sepsis
TNF-α
Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55]	2008	P-cc	69	43 (62%)	AUC ROC 0.466 (95%CI: 0.274-0.657, P > 0.05)	N	[TNF-α] is not related to the development of sepsis
Menges et al[50]	1999	P-coh	68	17 (25%)		Y	[TNF-α] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF after 8 d
IFN-γ
Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al[55]	2008	P-cc	69	43 (62%)		N	[IFN-γ] below detection limit
Livingston et al[44]	1988	P-coh	20	6 (30%)		Y	[IFN-γ] is markedly lower in sepsis after 14 d
G-CSF
Cook et al[58]	2013	P-cc	83	6 (7%)		Y	[G-CSF] > 500 pg/mL is significantly associated with sepsis
IL-18
Mommsen et al[30]	2009	P-coh	55	23 (42%)		Y	[IL-18] is significantly higher in sepsis on days 3-6 post injury
IL-1
Menges et al[50]	1999	P-coh	68	17 (25%)		Y	[IL-1] is significantly higher in sepsis and MOF on days 3 + 5 + 6 + 9 - 13

P-coh: Prospective cohort study; P-cc: Prospective case-control study; R-cc: Retrospective case-control study; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; AUC: Area under curve; Pts: Patients; Y: Yes; N: No.