Cost effectiveness of intensive care in a low resource setting: A prospective cohort of medical critically ill patients

Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review

Ref.	Patients population and country	Year of publication	Refusal reasons	No. of deaths with ICU support out of total patients treated in ICU (% mortality)	No. of deaths without ICU support out of total patients not treated in ICU (% mortality)	Difference in mortality rates (%)	OR (95%CI)
Frisho-Lima et al[20]	General, Israel	1994	Moribund, no beds	7/62 (11.3)	31/65 (47.7)	36.4	7.16 (2.84-18.07)
Metcalfe et al[21]	6 general, United Kingdom	1997	Lack of beds or staff or other	178/480 (37.1)	75/165 (45.5)	8.4	1.41 (0.99-2.02)
Sprung et al[22]	General, Israel	1999	Too good or too poor prognosis, no beds, more data required, another crit. care area more appropriate	51/321 (15.9)	28/61 (45.9)	30	4.49 (2.50-8.07)
Joynt et al[23]	General, Hong Kong	2001	Triage, futility, inappropriate referral.	142/388 (36.6)	145/236 (61.4)	24.8	2.76 (1.98-3.85)
Garrouste-Oregas et al[24]	Medical and surgical, France	2003	too well/too sick	46/189 (24.3)	38/141 (27.0)	2.6	1.15 (0.70-1.89)
Simchen et al[25]	5 ICUs. Medical and surgical, Israel	2004	All hospital patients screened	80/190 (42.1)	192/349 (55.0)	12.9	1.68 (1.18-2.40)
Garrouste-Oregas et al[12]	4 medical and 7 general, France	2005	Too well/too sick, patients refusal, ICU occupied	120/412 (29.1)	49/128 (38.3)	9.2	1.51 (1.00-2.29)
Thiéry G et al[26]	Medical ICU, cancer patients 30 d mortality, France	2005	Too sick	57/105 (54.3)	39/54 (74.0)	19.7	2.19 (1.08-4.45)
Simchen et al[27]	5 acute care hospitals, medical and surgical patients Israel	2007	Died > 24 h deteriorated on ward	23/97 (23.7)	44/169 (26.0)	2.3	1.13 (0.63-2.02)
			Died < 24 h	4/97 (4.1)	55/414 (13.3)	9.2	3.56 (1.26-10.08)
Iapichino et al[28]	11 university hospitals from 7 countries: Denmark, France, Israel, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom	2010	28 d mortality	1482/6708 (22.1)	197/600 (32.8)	10.7	1.72 (1.44-2.06)
Edbrooke et al[29]	11 hospitals in 7 EU countries	2011	28 d mortality	1389/6312 (22.0)	375/1137 (33.0)	11.0	1.74 (1.52-2.00)
Robert et al[30]	10 medical ICUs, France	2012	Too good or too sick 28 d	277/1,139 (24.3)	58/193 (30.1)	5.7	1.34 (0.96-1.87)
Cabrini et al[31]	Early ICU transfer, medical patients	2012	Too well/too sick or lack of ICU beds	6/15 (40.0)	13/40 (32.5)	-7.5	0.72 (0.21-2.46)
	Italy
Stelfox et al[32]	Canada, medical ICU	2012	Too well/too sick or lack of ICU beds	1106/3245 (34.1)	80/249 (32.1)	-2.0	0.92 (0.69-1.21)
Total				4968/19760 (25.1)	1419/4001 (35.5)	10.3	1.64 (1.52-1.76)

ICU: Intensive care unit.