Noninvasive ventilation in trauma

Table 1 Contraindications to noninvasive ventilation

Trauma, deformity, facial or neurological surgery

Inability to protect airway or cooperate

High risk for aspiration and inability to clear secretions

Upper airway obstruction

Respiratory or cardiac arrest

Organ failure

Unstable cardiac arrhythmia/hemodynamic instability

Severe Encephalopathy (e.g., GCS < 10)

Severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Adapted from ref.[46]. GCS: Glasgow Comma Scale.