Venous excess ultrasound: A mini-review and practical guide for its application in critically ill patients

Table 3 Hypothetical clinical scenarios where the application of venous excess ultrasound in clinical medicine is possible

Clinical scenario	Clinical application of VExUS
Cardiomyopathy cases such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, septic cardiomyopathy, dengue cardiomyopathy etc.	By detecting the presence of venous congestion via the VExUS grading system, it helps the clinician to decide when to cease fluid therapy. Conversely, when no venous congestion is detected using VExUS, clinicians may be guided to cease diuretic therapy
End stage renal failure	By detecting the presence of venous congestion via the VExUS grading system, it helps the clinician to optimize the adequacy of fluid removal via dialysis
Cases required large amount of fluid resuscitation such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state etc.	By detecting the presence of venous congestion via the VExUS grading system, it helps the clinician to detect the threshold to cease the fluid resuscitation
Acute pulmonary oedema secondary to cardiomyopathy, hypoalbuminemia, hypertensive emergency, acute renal failure, acute liver failure etc.	By detecting the absence of venous congestion via the VExUS grading system, it helps the clinician to detect the threshold to cease the diuretic therapy

VExUS: Venous excess ultrasound.