Delta shock index predicts injury severity, interventions, and outcomes in trauma patients: A 10-year retrospective observational study

Table 2 Comparison of management and outcome based on delta shock index, n (%)/mean ± SD/ mean, 95%CI

	DSI ≤ 0.1 (n = 10039; 76%)	DSI > 0.1 (n = 3173; 24%)	P value
Intubation	1315 (13.1)	1108 (34.9)	0.001
Intubation location
Scene	433 (33.0)	539 (49.0)	0.001
Trauma resuscitation unit	550 (42.0)	397 (36.1)	0.001
Operating room	226 (17.2)	128 (11.6)	0.001
Intensive care unit	72 (5.5)	27 (2.5)	0.001
Floor	12 (0.9)	3 (0.3)	0.001
Referring facility	18 (1.4)	6 (0.5)	0.001
FAST done	9570 (95.3)	3047 (96.0)	0.09
Negative	8786 (93.9)	2638 (88.5)	0.001
Positive	445 (4.8)	304 (10.2)	0.001
Undetermined	125 (1.3)	39 (1.3)	0.001
Exploratory laparotomy	380 (3.8)	281 (8.9)	0.001
ECMO	8 (0.1)	11 (0.3)	0.001
REBOA	1 (0.0)	3 (0.1)	0.01
Prehospital fluid administered	3626 (36.1)	1392 (43.9)	0.001
Prehospital fluid (mL)	466 ± 399	585 ± 472	0.001
Blood transfusion	1358 (13.5)	1039 (32.7)	0.001
Total blood units transfused	3 (1-73)	4 (1-68)	0.001
Massive transfusion protocol	155 (1.5)	269 (8.5)	0.001
In-hospital complications
Sepsis	98 (1.0)	87 (2.7)	0.001
Ventilator-associated pneumonia	263 (2.6)	226 (7.1)	0.001
Acute respiratory distress syndrome	56 (0.6)	51 (1.6)	0.001
Thromboembolic events	46 (0.5)	39 (1.2)	0.001
Abdominal compartment syndrome	3 (0.05)	7 (0.2)	0.002
Multiorgan failure	6 (0.1)	12 (0.4)	0.001
Disseminated intravascular coagulation	1 (0.01)	4 (0.1)	0.01
Hospital length of stay	5 (1-505)	7 (1-360)	0.001
ICU length of stay	3 (1-155)	5 (1-161)	0.001
Ventilatory days	3 (1-180)	5 (1-115)	0.001
Mortality	141 (1.4)	231 (7.3)	0.001
Death on arrival	1 (0.02)	6 (0.2)	0.001
Discharge disposition
Home	8840 (88.3)	2376 (75.1)	0.001
Rehabilitation	461 (4.6)	254 (8.0)	0.001
Long-term care	72 (0.7)	61 (1.9)	0.001
Transfer to another hospital	499 (5.0)	242 (7.6)	0.001
Died	141 (1.4)	231 (7.3)	0.001

FAST: Focused assessment with sonography in trauma; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; REBOA: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta; DSI: Delta shock index.