Delta shock index predicts injury severity, interventions, and outcomes in trauma patients: A 10-year retrospective observational study

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics based on delta shock index in trauma patients (n = 13212), n (%)/mean ± SD

	DSI ≤ 0.1 (n = 10039; 76%)	DSI > 0.1 (n = 3173; 24%)	P value
Age (years)	33.6 ± 14.5	32.2 ± 15.1	0.001
Males	9113 (90.8)	2860 (90.1)	0.28
EMS time (min)	70.6 ± 27.9	70.8 ± 28.3	0.67
Scene time (min)	24.2 ± 15.8	26.9 ± 18.1	0.001
Level 1 trauma activation code	1350 (15.4)	1058 (37.6)	0.001
Level 2 trauma activation code	7177 (82.0)	1712 (60.9)	0.001
Vital signs at scene
Pulse rate	94.4 ± 19.8	88.1 ± 21.5	0.001
Systolic blood pressure	128.7 ± 21.9	138.1 ± 25.2	0.001
Diastolic blood pressure	80.1 ± 16.7	86.7 ± 21.8	0.001
Respiratory rate	19.3 ± 4.3	19.7 ± 5.4	0.001
GCS (mean, 95%CI)	14.30 (14.26-14.34)	13.03 (12.90-13.15)	0.001
Vitals at TRU
Pulse rate	87.3 ± 16.8	103.4 ± 22.4	0.001
Systolic blood pressure	131.2 ± 18.9	115.4 ± 21.6	0.001
Diastolic blood pressure	79.4 ± 13.4	72.5 ± 16.6	0.001
Respiratory rate	19.4 ± 3.2	20.3 ± 4.3	0.001
GCS (mean, 95%CI)	14.08 (14.03-14.14)	12.22 (12.05-12.38)	0.001
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation	131 (1.3)	184 (5.8)	0.001
ED disposition
Operating room	1698 (16.9)	720 (22.7)	0.001
Intensive care unit	1917 (19.1)	1065 (33.6)	0.001
Step-down unit	107 (1.1)	21 (0.7)	0.001
Floor	5735 (57.1)	1261 (39.7)	0.001
High dependency unit	214 (2.1)	45 (1.4)	0.001
Transfer to another facility	54 (0.5)	6 (0.2)	0.001
Home	305 (3.0)	41 (1.3)	0.001
Died	9 (0.1)	14 (0.4)	0.001
Revised trauma score	7.6 ± 0.8	6.9 ± 1.5	0.001
TRISS	0.97 ± 0.08	0.90 ± 0.19	0.001
Injury severity score	11.3 ± 8.2	15.9 ± 11.3	0.001
Head AIS	3.3 ± 0.9	3.6 ± 1.0	0.001
Chest AIS	2.6 ± 0.7	2.7 ± 0.7	0.001
Abdomen AIS	2.5 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 1.0	0.04
Pelvis AIS	2.1 ± 0.5	2.3 ± 0.7	0.001

ED: Emergency department; AIS: Abbreviated injury score; TRISS: Trauma score and injury severity score; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; EMS: Emergency medical services time; DSI: Delta shock index.