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World J Crit Care Med. Sep 9, 2024; 13(3): 94157
Published online Sep 9, 2024. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v13.i3.94157
Table 1 Causes and factors contributing to thoracic epidural failure
Causes of epidural failure
Factors contributing to failure
Incorrect catheter placementMisplacement into paravertebral space, pleural space, or intravascularly
Catheters placed at the wrong level
Equipment failureDebris in the catheter
Disconnections, air locks, or knotting and kinking of the catheter
Epidural space characteristics and complexitiesMidline fat pedicles and adhesions impeding adequate spread of local anesthetics