Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of critically ill patients with COVID-19: A narrative review

Table 1 Summary of studies addressing interleukin-1 blockers on coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	Patients	Intervention	Comparison	Outcome
CORIMUNO-19 Collaborative group[74], RCT	Hospitalized patient with mild-to-moderate pneumonia, non-ICU admitted	Anakinra (200 mg twice a day on days 1-3, 100 mg twice on day 4, 100 mg once on day 5) (n = 59)	Standard care (n = 55)	No difference in NIV/MV/death at day 4. Stopped early following the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring board
Cavalli et al[75], observational	Pneumonia with moderate-to-severe ARDS and hyperinflammation (non-MV, non-ICU admitted)	Anakinra (high dose: 5 mg/kg twice a day intravenously, n = 29; or low dose: 100 mg twice a day subcutaneously, n = 7)	Standard care (retrospective cohort) (n = 16)	Survival. High-dose anakinra: 72%, SC: 56%, P = 0.009
Huet et al[76], observational	Bilateral pneumonia (non-ICU admitted)	Anakinra (100 mg twice daily for 72 h, followed by 100 mg daily for 7 d) (n = 52)	Standard care (historical group) (n = 44)	Death/MV. Anakinra: HR = 0.22 (95%CI: 0.11-0.41), P < 0.0001. Death. Anakinra: HR = 0.30 (95%CI: 0.12-0.71), P = 0.0063. MV: Anakinra: HR = 0.22 (95%CI: 0.09-0.56), P = 0.0015
Kooistra et al[77], observational	ICU admitted pneumonia (MV: 100%)	Anakinra (300 mg iv, followed by 100 mg iv/6 h) (n = 21)	Standard care (n = 39)	No differences in duration of MV, ICU length of stay, or mortality

RCT: Randomized clinical trial; ICU: Intensive care unit, NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; MV: Mechanical ventilation; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; HR: Hazard ratio; SC: Standard of care; CI: Confidence interval.