Orosomucoid-like protein 3, rhinovirus and asthma

Table 1 Orosomucoid-like protein 3 roles in regulating human rhinovirus infection

Regulating molecules and processes	The roles in human rhinovirus infection	Ref.
ICAM1	ORMDL3 regulates ICAM1 expression for influencing HRV adhesion and entrance and viral load	[56,61,62]
ER stress	ORMDL3 regulates ER stress and the ER stress can induce PERK and IRE1 pathways that affect HRV infection	[61,63,65]
Ceramide and S1P	ORMDL3 regulates ceramide and S1P levels. S1P and ceramide are responsible for cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and cell-cycle arrest; they also affect ICAM1 expression	[55,61,71,72,77]
ER-Golgi interface	HRV can both fragment the Golgi apparatus and block secretion. ORMDL3 regulates ER-Golgi interface through ER stress and sphingolipid metabolism	[61,84,85]
Glycolysis	ORMDL3 regulates glycolysis. Glycolysis can determine the extent of replication of HRVs in cells	[61,91]

ICAM1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ORMDL3: Orosomucoid-like protein 3; HRV: Human rhinovirus; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate.