Essential vitamins for an effective T cell response

Figure 2 Vitamin D and retinoic acid biosynthesis and activity. A: Vitamin D biosynthetic pathways are indicated, showing critical enzymes in particular tissues. Binding of VDR to DNA with RXR is indicated in a T cell; B: Retinoic acid biosynthetic pathways are indicated. Binding of RAR to DNA with RXR is indicated in an immune cell. RXR: Retinoid X receptor; VDR: Vitamin D receptor; RAR: Retinoic acid receptor; CRBP: Cellular retinol-binding proteins; RDH: Retinol dehydrogenases; VDRE: Vitamin D response element; RARE: Retinoic acid response element; CRABP: Cellular retinoic acid binding proteins.