Recent advances of cluster of differentiation 74 in cancer

Figure 3 The function of cluster of differentiation 74 in the cancer development. (I) Membrane associated-CD74 is involved in modulating the expression of a variety of genes which involved cell proliferation, invasion and survival through interacting with CD44, CXCR1, CXCR2 or CXCR4 followed by activation of the signaling cascades in a MIF-dependent manner. (II) After MIF stimulation, CD74 releases its intracellular domain, CD74-ICD. The CD74-ICD translocates from cytoplasm into nucleus and functions as a transcription modulator. (III) The CD74-ROS1 fusion protein with one (minor form) or two (major form) transmembrane regions and one kinase domain, promotes novel invasiveness pathway through the phosphorylation of the extended synaptotagmin-like protein, E-Syt1. MIF: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor; CXCR: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor; PKA: Protein kinase A; PKC: Protein kinase C; GEF: Guanine nucleotide exchange factor; Ras: Ras oncogene; Rho: Ras homolog family member; MLCK: Myosin light chain kinase; FAK: Focal adhesion kinase; Raf-1: RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappaB; TAF(II)105: Transcription initiation factor TFIID 105 kDa subunit; ROS-1: C-ros oncogene 1; E-Syt1: Extended synaptotagmin-like protein 1; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-XL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large; cPLA2: Cytosolic phospholipase A2; ELK1: Member of ETS oncogene family; Ets: V-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; Tap63: Tumor protein p63; IL-8: Interleukin 8; VEGF-D: Vascular endothelial growth factor D.